The work of ICRP, NKDAR, UN, IAIA, and other international and national organizations played a large role in this work." (Arutyunyan, Bol'shov, Pavlovskii, 2009) Department Radiation Safety Procedures/Policies The GOAL of our department is to meet ALL compliance regulations regarding the maximum exposure levels of radiation to human tissue
" Meanwhile, the FDA is launching an initiative to: promote the safe use of imaging devices for medical use, support informed clinical decision making and increase patients' awareness of their own exposure." (Colpas, 2010) For purposes of comparison, we have decided to include here in the history section, an example of a radiation protection program from a rival hospital
Future Trends in Radiation Protection The international response to radiological exposure within the clinical environment has led to such measures including, the Norwegian Occupational Hygiene Society, which seeks to establish occupational exposure standards. (Vincent, 1998) "Russia was one of the countries that led the way in setting occupational exposure standards during the early years, publishing its list of maximum allowable concentrations as early as the 1930s for about 900 substances to which workers may be exposed as gases, vapors, or aerosols
Ownership for dose reduction relied mostly with the RP organization, and was limited by significant cost for source term reduction projects." (Wolfe, 2008) "A small team was formed to accelerate dose reduction
On the one hand, the increasing prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection, the high case fatality rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), particularly among AIDS patients, and transmission from unsuspected TB patients support the importance of environmental control measures such as UVR in high-risk settings (Burge, First & Ko 2002). On the other hand, UVR has also been cited as a source of amphibian and fish malformations (Babbitt, Reed & Sower 2000), as well as a potential health hazard for humans (Conscience et al
rerio) provides an attractive system to investigate the early-life-stage toxicity stages in a vertebrate at the molecular, cellular, and whole-organism levels. Further, there is a large body of literature devoted to mechanisms regulating zebrafish embryo development, and a well-characterized morphologic staging series has also been published (Blechinger, Warren, Kuwada and Krone 2002)
2003). Furthermore, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) that occurs in the upper portion of air in a room has been cited as an environmental control measure that could economically reduce exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) droplet nuclei (Burge, First & Ko 2002)
¶ … Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) on Zebrafish Development While global warming represents a threat to humankind by virtue of a reduction in the ozone layer and an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the future (Conscience, Cotton, Schlumpf et al
2001), researchers have shown that moderate exposure to varying levels of ultraviolet radiation may have some beneficial effects for humans. For example, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and, to a lesser degree, rheumatoid arthritis, in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Western Europe and North America, display a latitudinal gradient in disease frequency, with the prevalence of these disorders increasing at higher latitudes (Lim et al
Further, there is a large body of literature devoted to mechanisms regulating zebrafish embryo development, and a well-characterized morphologic staging series has also been published (Blechinger, Warren, Kuwada and Krone 2002). Moreover, the transparency of the zebrafish embryo permits scientists to easily observe heart bud migration and fusion, making it an ideal model for such studies (Slothick 2000)
When the tube current (mA) is lowered the dose decreases linearly and when the peak kilovoltage (kVp) is lowered the overall dose reduces by almost the power of 2, both of these dose reduction techniques have an effect on the quality of the image. Conversely, when bismuth shields are used it is possible to selectively reduce radiation dose, this takes place through the filtration of lower-energy photons from the polychromatic x-ray beam (Hurwitz, et al
When using this descriptor, the radiation dose that have been delivered within and beyond the scan volume are both integrated. Using the average across the field of view which also accounts for the dose absorbed from the center to the periphery of the object, a weighted CTDI is obtained as the descriptor and this is a representation of the average dose in the scan volume for CT scans that are adjacent (Kalra, et al
The effects of ionizing radiation are numerous the most serious among them is the induction of fatal cancers. The estimation is that out of every 1000 children who have gone through CT scan 1 will develop a fatal cancer induced by radiation which is a higher percentage compared to the expected baseline lifetime risk of cancer (Shah, & Platt, 2008)
It was stated in the year 2000, that there would be nearly 92 million individuals using cell phones, which meant that the number of users increased by a million nearly every year. (Frumkin; Jacobson; Gansler; Thun; 2001) Though these technological advances and instruments have their advantage they also pose concern to several individuals
conducted a study in 1996, to find out the health of nearly 250,000 mobile phone users they realized that that there was no difference between users of the hand held mobile phones which had their antennas attached close to the head and the other phones, the car phones, which had their antennae attached to the car. (Rothman; Loughlin, 1996) This same group conducted a study in 1999 where they analyzed the health of nearly 300,000 mobile phone users
Even other studies have showed that there is no truth in the concept of mobile phones causing cancer or any epidemic disease. (Dreyer; Loughlin; Rothman, 1999) Four groups evaluated brain cancer in people using mobile phones in 1999-2001, the groups being, Hardell et al
In order to have a proper study it would also be essential that a person's usage of his mobile phone be observed for over a span of ten years that is both impossible and ridiculous along with the frequent technological changes. (Hardell; N
(Dreyer; Loughlin; Rothman, 1999) Four groups evaluated brain cancer in people using mobile phones in 1999-2001, the groups being, Hardell et al., Muscat et al.,(Muscat; Malkin, 2000), Inskip et al
,(Muscat; Malkin, 2000), Inskip et al. (Inskip, 2001) and Johansen et al. (Johansen; Boice, 2001)
The AM radio uses a frequency which is much below, 10^6 Hz, here the energy level is very low, and hence cannot cause any sort of damage to the human body or to animals. (Moulder and Foster, 1995) Most studies relating to cancer and power lines deal with individuals who live near power lines or who work in electrical occupations