However, the state and local police data reveal that the hostility exerted were inexpressibly vocally. (Abowd, A5) The prejudice of U
(Harris, 59) In this way the Arab and Muslim infiltrates constituted new targets for the racial profiling and became vulnerable to racist acts, and denial of civil liberties. (Bai; Tang, 27) Before September 11, a majority of Americans about 80% were antagonistic towards the process of racial profiling
Texas, New Jersey, California, New York, Michigan, or Florida. (Davis, 18) Most probably they are occupied with some sort of distrustful activities like training on flying lessons, obtaining a driver license
government and private citizens against them are very extensive. (Harrington, 16) Many of the Arabs countrywide were complaining that they were spit on, threatened and even subject to armed assault
In the present days the process of racial profiling has changed to a great extent. (Harris, 58) The racial profiling, till the present period was indicated towards the practice of police dragging over the black male drivers discriminately on the empirically valid but morally denounced hypothesis that they are more prone to be involved in crime
Moreover, the system was to label for fingerprinting any non-immigrant aliens whom the State Department detect to be present an elevated national security risk, based on criteria reflecting current intelligence as well as aliens identified by INS inspectors at the port of entry, using similar criteria. (Hassan, 65) The final plan of the process is to establish a mounting database of foreign visitors that can conveniently be applied to monitor and locate the terrorist suspects
Depending upon the race of one group for targeted enforcement makes it open to justify the same process against other racial minority groups, even when the basis depended upon are quite different. (Johnson, 70) The Americans were acknowledged the racial profiling before September 11, as a type of institutional discrimination that was continued for a long time without any resistance
However, the racial profiling implies to anything specific that means logical discrimination that is racial prejudice with a non-racist justification. (Kinsley, p: B07) The dependence on racial factor is quite hard to cabin or confine one aspect of law implementation
The communique recommended the law enforcement officials to look for the directories during their traffic stops, searches and interrogations. (Profiling Immigrants, Arabs and Muslims) The Bush administration has set up completely new national monitoring and regulating institutions like, Homeland Security, Federalized airport security, and military tribunals
The universities and community colleges are made to provide information about their international students to the Department of Justice and the FBI throughout the country. (U.S.: Racial Profiling Both Wrong and Counter-Productive, Says Amnesty) The Patriot Act authorized the government to access the financial and academic records of the international students even without their awareness
A Lebanese man residing in Great Falls, Virginia, Khaled Saffuri expressed his experience of ensuring to shave closely and wear a suit every time he flies, keep his lips closed during flights and ensure not to go to bath room in the middle of journey and sometimes prefer long drives to avoid flying. (Wrong Now: Racial Profiling Before & After September 11, 2001) Again about 50% of the Arab and Muslim Americans report that they understand government is resorting to the racial profiling with a view to scrutinizing the persons in security concerns
In addition Banks (2003) confirms that racial profiling results of mistreatment of racial minorities which leads to subsequent tensions between racial minority communities and law enforcement agencies, which can damage the ability of police agents to effectively address crime within urban communities. Current Trends As a result of the negative information available with regard to racial profiling, numerous law enforcement agencies and government officials now have publicly "disavowed" the practice, prohibited it, or condemned it completely (Banks, 2003)
Such practices have been shown to damage careers and an agent's ability to carry out more legitimate forms of crime fighting (Reed, 2000). Racial profiling has also been shows to produce a 'tenuous' relationship between racial minorities and the police, a fact that has been describe as a "perennial concern of scholars, policymakers and the public" (Bass, 2001)
al, 2003). The use of race or ethnic appearance to decide who "merits police attention as a suspicious person" has been recognized by many as a form of institutional discrimination (Harris, 2002)
In recent years, particularly after the events of September 11th, a shift was noticed with regard to opinions regarding racial profiling. Whereas in times past there were many opponents of racial profiling that argued that racial profiling violated civil rights, in the last few years public opinion polls have among other things reflected support for racial profiling in many areas of the country (Hoopes, Quinlan & Ramirez, 2003)
The increased attention has also caused many researchers to once again examine the practice of racial profiling with a critical eye. Whereas the books were thought to be 'closed' on this issue, there is a significant body of evidence that suggests that racial profiling is still a relatively common practice in law enforcement agencies throughout the nation (Mcleod, 2003; Trende, 2000; Harris, 2002)
In fact, an ACLU study of Philadelphia traffic stops showed that racial comparisons were in fact invalid, and further studies have yielded no tangible evidence that racial profiling is of significant benefit to police agencies and law enforcement officials (Wooster, 2001). Despite much evidence against racial profiling and a commonly expressed notion that racial profiling is ineffective there are still many law enforcement agents that admit to practicing racial profiling at one time or another, in part to ensure that their history of arrests are correct (Reed, 2000)
The researcher will examine whether racial profiling in policing is an effective or necessary method for deterring crime and will attempt to determine whether damaging consequences result from racial profiling activities. Racial profiling can be defined as the practice of utilizing race, ethnicity or any other external factor to assess whether or not an individual might be a likely suspect engaged in criminal activity (Trende, 2000)
In fact, racial profiling was shown to result in little change at all with regard to the apprehension of legitimate criminals (Harris, 2002). Evidence Regarding Racial Profiling Other studies suggest that there is no statistical evidence available that supports racial profiling (Wooster, 2001)
An article found in the journal Ethnic and Racial Studies "Police services in racially hierarchical and ethnically conflictual societies increasingly incorporate citizens from historically stigmatized groups as officers or administrators. But, paradoxically, in many of these same societies, levels of police violence and racial targeting of ethnic and caste groups are increasing just as police are implementing diversity and desegregation goals (Amar, 577-578 )