Some of the major organizational theories associated with policing include the sociological, educational, psychological, and organizational theories. Organizational theory is associated with policing because of its link in the establishment of professional structures, administration, and control based administration of the police agencies ("Administration of Police Agencies," n
However, these police agencies and departments are organized similarly with their main difference being their jurisdiction. The various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and their organization are explained below: Local Police Agencies: The local police agencies are the common and most visible departments since the municipal police officers are common as they represent villages, townships, and cities (Harkins, 2011)
The federal police agencies don't implement the local or state laws though they tip off the appropriate local or state authorities in the case of a suspicious activity. Principal Roles and Functions of Police Organizations: Similar to teaching and medicine, policing is one of the few professions that have a direct and intimate link with social change, social life, and social progress (Stevens, 2005)
Since the arrival of community policing in the 1980's, administrators and scholars have invented other measures of police efficacy too. According to the community policing criteria, police functions breed due to collaboration with local community and taking decisions takes on a whole new meaning (Bayley, 1994)
The implementation and development of DRP strategies is known to infiltrate in many American police agencies as new research indicates. The task of policing becomes difficult because there are all sorts of police agencies hard at work having diverse set of objectives (Maguire, 2002)
Conclusion Adopting the desired leadership style within the organization will also help in boosting the adoption of the new policy significantly. Leadership methods such as transformational and transactional leadership ensure involvement of all the officers in decision-making, contributing to the adoption process (Braithwaite & Pettit, 2002)
Difference in personalities has been shown to influence the adoption of the new policy. As such, this can be managed by employing strategies such as teamwork to incorporate the skills of the police officers with different personalities as it enables them to have a common goal (Gordon & McBride, 2011)
However, the above case might face the challenge of mismanagement of the allocated funds. Factors such as lack of transparency and accountability might affect the sustainability of the project (Helfgott, 2008)
The theory also provides insights into unique behaviors, agencies, and institutions influencing the performance of these organizations. Other theories applicable in criminal justice and law enforcement organizations include the trait theory emphasizing on the behavior of the employees and style theory, focusing on the leadership methods required in these organizations (Kania, & Davis, 2012) The adoption of the new policy is likely to face numerous challenges from the police officers and the organization as a whole
These effects result in unequal realization of the desired outcomes of the project alongside ineffective use of the allocated resources. Poor coordination also results in demoralization of the police officers hence the inability to realize the desired objectives (Maddan, 2010)
If there is a need, the authority should act uncompromisingly on actionable investigation results. In addition, having a system where there is an automatic generation of postings by software for each employee after a given time interval (Agarwal, and Transparency International India, 2008)
There is also need for the department to work towards reducing the number of imprisonments that they make. This will help reduce the level of offences because the cost savings arising from this strategy will be helpful in enhancing hot spots policing and other valuable policing strategies that will avert crime (Braga and Weisburd, 2010)
This could be through developmental crime reduction, in order to prevent the advancement of criminal prospective in individuals. On the other hand, using situational prevention is crucial in averting the occurrence of crimes by decreasing opportunities and increasing the risk and problems of offending (Clarke, 2009)
Lack of employee motivation is another challenge that the Virtue department of police is facing and there is a necessity to address this issue vividly. Like in any other organization, it is the duty of the supervisors and managers to motivate officers in order to attain the goals of the department (Gaines, and Worrall, 2012)
The management should develop a clear guideline that governs the in-service training of all officers in the department to keep them informed with the current information. The management should also encourage the community policing philosophy in order to manage properly the department's public relations (Kappeler, and Gaines, 2012)
In addition, the Education and Training Division has not been able to keep up with law updates, changes, and recent court rulings. To address this issue, there is a necessity for reorganization of the management structure, especially the Operational Command, in order to make its unit smaller and manageable to allow for equal distribution of work (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas, 2012)
There is a need for the leadership of the police department to ensure adequate representation of the minority groups to reflect the actual composition of the community that they are serving. This is especially important because the minority racial and ethnic groups may view themselves as targets of offensive handling at the hands of the police (Weitzer, Tuch, and Skogan, 2008)
Because these procedures had not been determined to be constitutional violations and were not facially invalid, as Jim Crow laws were, they were questionable practices. The Miranda decision eliminated the question, making it clear that, prior to custodial interrogation, the police or other government representative needed to notify individuals of their right to remain silent, that anything they said could be used against them in court, their right to an attorney, and the right to appointed counsel if they could not afford an attorney (Miranda v. Arizona, 1966)
Under Jim Crow, African-Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. Jim Crow represented the legitimization of anti-black racism" (Pilgrim, 2012)
Police have to use force to subdue suspects every day. Reasonable levels of force are guessed by cops on the street, second-guessed by police review boards and sometimes tested in civil lawsuits and criminal prosecutions on a case-by-case basis" (Segan, 2013)