It is necessary to explain to the patient that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is comprised by a range of dysfunctions "characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion." (Khardoni, 2014, p
Ischemic strokes come from a blood clot or other interruption to the blood supply. Nearly 87% of the strokes that are seen today are of the ischemic variety (Donnan, et al
This results in dysfunction of the tissue in the brain in that area. There are four reasons why this kind of stroke and resulting dysfunction could take place: Embolism Venous Thrombosis Thrombosis Systemic Hypoperfusion (Warlow, 2008) Despite all of the explanations that are available for the causes of strokes, there are still strokes that are termed "cryptogenic," meaning that they do not have an explanation that is obvious
Charles Darwin in his book origin of species also supports the view point of Lamarck and further explains that such a change is generated through inheritance and that the most suited feature with respect to nature and effects of more used parts in a body would prevail in coming generations. Darwin also suggests that original group having variety of neck lengths existed but since natural selection favored longer necks for feeding purpose the favored characteristic prevailed in the coming generation and hence after many generations the neck length of the whole group has increased at an average but variation still exists (Darwin, 1872)
Another reason for giraffe's reaching up for food was the lower vegetation eaten by other animals. Lamarck also suggested that in the time drought when vegetation lacked in dry regions giraffe's had the advantage of being the only four legged mammal that can reach up to trees (Gould, 2002)
Neuromuscular scoliosis (10% chance of occurring): Scoliosis that is caused by a nervous system problem that affects the muscles, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spine bifida, physical trauma and polio. It often -- although not always -- occurs during adolescence (11- 18 years) as for instance with tethered spinal cord syndrome and worsens during adolescent growth spurt (Agabegi & Agabegi, 2008)
What these factors are is debated amongst scientists. Various genes are involved in transmission, one of these genes being the CHD7 (Ogilvie JW, Braun J, Argyle V, Nelson L, Meade M, Ward K (2006
Within the body, the polymodal peripheral receptors create sensations which are unpleasant for the person. These are modulated in the dorsal horn as well as in the anterior columns of the spinal cord and then moves up to the cerebral cortex (Fink 2005,-page 277)
Referred pain is a more mysterious form of pain than the other two. Pain is felt in one part of the body but that is not the location of the medical problem or physical injury (Vecchiet 1999,-page 489)
It is hypothesized that nociceptive input from the skeletal muscles refer to myotomes outside the areas of origin and are spread by central sensitization to spinal segments near the origin point. Diagnosis: In terms of diagnosis, the most important thing is to locate the underlying cause for the pain, whether it is acute, chronic, or referred (Woessner 2013)
Patients dealing with chronic pain issues are abnormally sensitive to painful stimuli and this is attributed to a response to the activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptive A beta fibres. Three processes within the spinal cord are believed to be responsible for the different sensory processing in chronic pain patients: increased excitability, decreased inhibition, and structural reorganization (Woolf 1994,-page 525)
This is the primary cause for pulmonary and/or venous congestion. Congestive heart failure is a direct result of "depressed left-sided cardiac function" (Aucoin, 2011, p 12)
This is a type of heart failure that involves the swelling and congestion of blood in the heart because of an inability to properly pump blood to where it is needed throughout the body. Interestingly enough, "most patients with HF do not complain of symptoms at rest, but rather with physical exertion" (Borlaug & Paulus, 2011, p 674)
Still, it is a serious issue that cases massive degeneration of the other organs because of a lack of proper blood flow. Here, the research suggests that it starts "beginning as a single organ disease, it becomes a systemic disease during its evolution and progression" (Galli et al
There are a number of conditions that are covered in this larger concept term. Essentially, "heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic perfusion inadequate to meet the body's metabolic demands as a result of impaired cardiac pump function" (Hobbs & Boyle, 2010)
In their work, the researchers explored the condition known as Dilated Cardiomyoptahy (DCM). It "is a cardiac muscle disorder characterized by systolic dysfunction and ventricular chamber dilation" and is "a major cause of congestive heart failure" (Li et al
Myasthenia gravis disrupts the normal cycle of a muscle contraction and causes muscle fatigue or weakness. As a result of this illness antibodies are produced that end up binding to the acetylcholine receptors, which ultimately causes the destruction of the receptor and eventually leads to a reduction in the number of available and functional receptors (Chabner, 2011)
Once -55mv is reached, the membrane is said to be at the threshold potential, the voltage by which most Na+ channels in the cell membrane would open. After the first Na+ channel opens, the cell becomes even more depolarized and Na+ ions move into the cell (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2011)
¶ … Muscular System The normal anatomy and physiology of a muscle determines its capability of formulating a contraction. The contraction of a muscle is dependent on the ability of a neuron to become excited through a process that includes a concentrated flow of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca+) through the neuron and eventually into the muscle cell (Tortora & Derrickson, 2011)
2007). In the case of having a tissue sample to be tested, early stage cervical cancer can be differentiated from healthy cervical tissue by gene expression profile due to comparisons done with healthy and lymph node metastatic tissues which found certain genes upregulated and down regulated (Biewenga, P