Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich. (Yale University Press, 1977)
Grodzins, Morton & Rabonowitch, Eugene, Atomic Age: Scientists in National and World Affairs, Articles from the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 1945-1962, (New York: Basic Books, 1963), 8. Gallagher, Thomas Michael, Assault in Norway: Sabotaging the Nazi Nuclear Program, (Lyons Press, 2002), 36
The Mental Aftermath: The Mentality of German Physicists- 1945-49. (Oxford Univeristy Press, 2007)
This theory states a very simple fact: that man must, first of all, be able to eat and drink and have shelter and have clothing before he can even think about setting off in the pursuit of high ideals and various solutions to the existing problems. (Karl Marx, 1818-1883) This very simple truth was extremely endearing to the people of the time, and it was therefore understood that the production of immediate material benefits and the amount of economic development attributed to the people of a certain epoch are in fact the foundations upon which the various institutions of the state, and the various legal ideals, and the thoughts on religion have all been evolved from this basic truth
This apparatus was referred to be Weber as the 'ideal type', meaning that when an individual needs to understand or comprehend a particular sociological phenomenon, the various 'actions' of the different participants of the phenomena, and not stop at merely describing the phenomenon in itself. (Max Weber, 1864-1920) However, the problem here is that one cannot actually comprehend interpretation unless and until the individual attempts to classify that particular within the phenomenon as belonging to that previously decided upon 'ideal type'
This apparatus was referred to be Weber as the 'ideal type', meaning that when an individual needs to understand or comprehend a particular sociological phenomenon, the various 'actions' of the different participants of the phenomena, and not stop at merely describing the phenomenon in itself. (Max Weber, 1864-1920) However, the problem here is that one cannot actually comprehend interpretation unless and until the individual attempts to classify that particular within the phenomenon as belonging to that previously decided upon 'ideal type'
This resulted in the classification of the Jews into half Jews, quarter Jews, and full Jews, and all Jews had to wear a 'yellow star' on their forehead that would identify them as being a Jew. (World War II, the Holocaust) Jews not only lots their identities but also lost their citizenship rights and the atrocities that were further carried out on them by the tyrant Hitler are better not mentioned
This suggests that revenge and a desire to dominate were important factors -- indeed, probably the main factors -- behind the mass rapes that occurred in 1945. (Lowe 51-2) As the Third Reich was in its final collapse, then, the gender issue became most salient in this way
This paradox of double consciousness, though, did actually continue throughout the war. Gordon Martel notes that "only in the last, desperate days of the war did Hitler approve the formation of female infantry battalions (and even this was more in the hope of shaming more men into doing their duty to the Reich" (Martel 144)
This suggests that women were forced to work harder and for longer hours during the war as well, to make up for the absent male workforce, a fact that the raw data on female employment fails to convey. (Overy 50-1) So the egalitarian motive had actually made substantial inroads into day-to-day operations in Germany before and during the war, despite the official ideology that condemned it
Those are the types which in the future women's state [Frauenstadt] must become the general rule'." (Steinberg 108-9)
The Nazis believed that the Aryan race was destined to rule the world, but one of the "strongest obstacles hindering the spread of Nazism in Germany proved to be Communism," and this battle with Communism became the tool by which the German Reich could expand into Russia. (Hauner 22) After what seemed like an unlikely alliance with the Soviet Union in 1939, the Nazis broke the agreement and invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941
As Hitler himself stated in Mein Kampf, "The mightiest counterpart to the Aryan is represented by the Jew." (Hitler 300) This view of anti-Semitism pervaded all levels of German culture, but it is most exemplified in the musical works of Wagner, one of Hitler's favorite composers
Television, literature, art, and movies have all-based evil characters on the Nazi's, for instance, in the "Star Wars" movies, the evil empire is defended by the legions of "storm troopers." (Lucas) Of course, "storm trooper" was a German term developed in the First World War to defined the assault troops used in battle
The press was to be cleansed, education was to be organized by the state, and religion was to be tolerated as long as it did not interfere with the party's goals. (Nicholls 91) Hitler had long held certain ideals which he introduced to the newly renamed NSDAP (National Socialist German Worker's Party, or Nazis), among which was his "view of history as a struggle between individual races with victory going to the strongest, fittest, and most ruthless…" (Kershaw 21) And ruthless was what the Nazis became, when they eventually took power in 1933
Anti-Semitism has long been an attribute of German culture, but during the 19th century, and the rise of a concept called "Social Darwinism," anti-Semitism became a scientific fact in German culture. (Mosse 92) The Germans developed the idea that they were genetically superior to other races, most particularly the Jewish race
Everyone from Roman Catholics, to Social Democrats, to right wing extremists, the DNVD, had their own political movement. (Nicholls 29-32) The Weimar Republic, which arose after the war, was a weak government made up of a variety of different political groups with shifting allegiances and uncertain power and influence
" (Kershaw, p 41) And once in power Hitler was "hypersensitive towards any attempt to impose the slightest institutional or legal restriction upon his authority." (Niewyk 73) As leader of the Nazi Party, Hitler infused his ruthless ideals into the party's ideology, as he took the party to ever greater political power
The Bdl and the DKP were conservative parties that were particularly signifigant because it served as a stepping-stone to Nazi Germany. (Childers) The parties were "rabidly anti-Semitic, identifying Jews with both liberal capitalism and Marxist socialism
The German people became hostile because the policies made them believe that the countries around them were foes that they needed to be armed. (Weser and Marx) It also created arrogance amongst the German people and the propaganda that spread was extreme