8). There are those who argue that counseling methods alone may not be ethical, thus this disputes the labeling approach suggesting that biological factors must always be considered with regard to mental health and wellness (Buelow & Herbert, 1995)
Scovel, Christensen and England (2002) suggests that more and more health professionals are faced with a continually challenging array of mental health disorders, and that psychotropic medications for treating new and unusual disorders are improved, widely recognized and generally accepted as a method of treatment by both medical and non-medical (sociological) health care providers. Further the researchers suggests that there is more of a demand for mental health professionals to become familiar with medication therapy and the effects such therapy might have on patient's general well being and outcome (Christensen et
Hagan bases his assumptions on public concern and societal or sociological considerations and the fact that from a sociological perspective people are dissatisfied with the lack of clarity surrounding mental illness. Deviance may be described generally as a behavior that departs from what is considered socially acceptable or social norms (Hagan, 1991)
Dinham suggests considering mental illness in two ways, a general way and a medical way. Hagen suggests that the most serious acts of deviance (which mental illness might be considered) are those which (1) involve strong agreement regarding the wrongness of an act, (2) involve relatively high levels of social or public harm (not personal harm) and (3) involve a strong reaction by society as a whole to the behavior being demonstrated (Livesey, 2003)
At the same time, "being sleep deprived, stressed, drugged or physically exhausted" can cause hallucinations that make up for a lack of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep stages (Hurd 1). Not all mental illnesses include arousal disorders, as unipolar depression may inhibit cohesive and well developed dreams altogether (Cartwright, Baehr, Kirkby, Pandi-Perumal and Kabat)
Whether or not dreaming less often correlates with reduced symptomology of clinical depression remains to be seen. It is important to pay attention to the link between dreams and mental illness because of the correlations between suicidality and sleep disturbances as well as the known link between antidepressant medications and suicidal ideation (Cukrowicz et al
Depending on the severity of the clinical depression, the dreams will be affected. Some depressed individuals have dreams that parallel their flattened emotional affect, with "bland" dreams (DeKoninck 160)
In The Dream Drugstore, Hobson suggests that the Freud-based theories of dream interpretation and psychoanalysis are wrong in that they suggest binaries between dream and waking state, neuroses and health. In reality, "dreaming, dissociative states, psychosis, and drug-induced hallucinations" are all "functions of brain chemistry and that replaces the psychodynamic view of dreams," (Diamond 90)
Just as dream analysis and proactive dream therapy can be used for the general population, there is also evidence suggesting that dream therapy can be an important component of clinical therapy for those who suffer from mental illnesses of all types. "People who suffer with mental illness often also have arousal disorders, which can increase the likelihood of hallucinations at sleep onset, and may increase the chance to have a lucid dream due to increased awakenings throughout the night," (Hurd 1)
Just as dream analysis and proactive dream therapy can be used for the general population, there is also evidence suggesting that dream therapy can be an important component of clinical therapy for those who suffer from mental illnesses of all types. "People who suffer with mental illness often also have arousal disorders, which can increase the likelihood of hallucinations at sleep onset, and may increase the chance to have a lucid dream due to increased awakenings throughout the night," (Hurd 1)
There are some disorders that reveal the intimate and complex connection between brain, mind, and body. For example, isolated sleep paralysis (ISP) has been commonly confused with some types of mental illness because of the link between ISP and night terrors (Nielsen and Zadra)
The difference between depression cycle and manic cycle sleep and dream phenomena reveals how the brain manifests different dreams at different times, potentially in line with neurochemical and neurobiological changes. "People with bipolar disorder have extra-vivid dreams and an inordinate number of nightmares or other sleeping disorders," (Purse 1)
In any case, patients taking medications to treat their mood disorders might also experience changes in their dreaming patterns. For example, patients taking anti-depressants, and in particular, tricyclics, remember their dreams less often than people who are not taking these medications to treat depression (Schimelpfening)
In the ensuing years, it would become a major issue for public servants on all level of governance. President Ronald Reagan, by reason of political necessity (refer to the above-mentioned visibility of the homeless problem), became the first president to enact serious legislation to the end of creating publicly funded housing for the homeless (Burt, 34)
Recommendation: While many political leaders focus squarely on the instant gratification of removing the homeless problem from a direct line of sight, they could instead offer the more constructive avenue of rehabilitation provision. With treatment, many individuals who are currently in a circumstance of hopeless and irreversible poverty could instead experience viable prospects of functional assisted or group home living (Lezak, 1987, 23)
Recommendation: While many political leaders focus squarely on the instant gratification of removing the homeless problem from a direct line of sight, they could instead offer the more constructive avenue of rehabilitation provision. With treatment, many individuals who are currently in a circumstance of hopeless and irreversible poverty could instead experience viable prospects of functional assisted or group home living (Lezak, 1987, 23)
But this is not necessarily indicative of a decrease in the homeless population. Rather, many have simply been relegated to alleyways and less-frequented locations, thus incapable of generating even the meager sums acquired theretofore by way of begging (O'Hara, 16)
However, Graham takes the discussion beyond the obvious by first considering the nature of delusion. Being "unrestrained by common sense or relevant background factual knowledge" (Graham, 2010, p
The "scientific sampling procedures" used in such studies can help to place empirical parameters around the distribution of a survey instrument to possible participants from a large spectrum. (Singleton, 239) Its major advantage is its provision of the ability to contend with a wide variant of sample sizes
In fact, mental illness may be one of the most significant risk factors for homelessness. Of people with serious mental illness seen by California's public mental health system, approximately 15% of them experienced at least one bout of homelessness in a one-year period (Folsom et al