Unique Regional Security Concerns Saudi Arabia is a nation in the midst of one of the most politically contested regions of the world, with highly valuable natural energy resources, and a host of extremist groups willing to use terrorist actions to achieve their goals. Currently, estimates put Saudi Arabia's untapped energy potential in oil at roughly 262 billion barrels (Appleyard 2005)
Because of the volatile nature of the region in which Saudi Arabia is situated, unique and persistent threats challenge the nation's maritime resources and may limit the effectiveness to which the nation can access and control its maritime resources. Providing for safe, secure, and efficient transport and usage of the marine environment is crucial to long-term efforts to sustain-ably manage the resources (Pidersen 2006)
Taking this into account, ergonomic methodology aims at reducing human error, therefore, reducing accidents. Through the use of ergonomic methodology, there is a reduction of human error through eliminating the root causes of human error for the purpose of preventing the occurrence (Attwood, Deeb & Danz-Reece, 2003)
Human factors practitioners are mostly psychologists and physiologists. Other contributors may also include designers and computer scientists (Osterman, 2010)
Human factors practitioners are mostly psychologists and physiologists. Other contributors may also include designers and computer scientists (Osterman, 2010)
Managing Ergonomics in Maritime Transport System Managing Ergonomics In The Maritime Transport System (bridge System) Ergonomics is a discipline that deals with the study of human roles in smooth and efficient activities of complex industrial systems and the application of ergonomic knowledge in the design of industrial systems and equipments (Salvendy, 2012)
This exploratory investigation aims to discover all of the advantages and disadvantages associated with short sea shipping. Maritime Shipping within the NAFTA Trading Partners A research paper published in 2005 provides valuable insights as to why the seas have not received as much attention as the rail, road, and air during the course of the NAFTA transactions (Brooks, 2005)
When the alien species reaches the new environment it has the potential of surpassing the native population and reproducing in devastating numbers. Though this issue may appear at first glance to be trivial by some, however it is estimated that this problem accounts for over one hundred and twenty billion dollars a year in damages (Fernandez, 2009)
New ideas are under consideration for how to best alleviate the increasing amount of congestion on the infrastructure that the trade agreement has caused. In Europe nearly ninety percent of all external freight trade is seaborne and also accounts for nearly forty percent of the EU's intra-continental trade mechanisms (Kallas, 2009)
One extremely recent development offers new insight of the future of the environmental concerns associated with maritime travel. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a UN body that regulates world shipping, will be deciding on whether or not to reduce sulfur levels in the emissions produced by ships (Pearce, 2010)
According to a study conducted by Wu (2005), women only make up 19% of the workforce in the maritime sector whereas men make up 81% of the workforce. This reflects the traditional identification of feminity as the antithesis of masculinity and is therefore a social construct instead of a biological or innate one (May & Powell, 2008)
S. flag ships were required to register their anti-terrorist security plans with the United States Coast Guard (Drakos 2004)
As with many government programs, however, the MTSA has quickly become an even bigger ticket item that the government struggles to afford. When executives for the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) testified before Congress in 2005 and 2006, they both indicated that the program was underfunded and that ports were spending hundreds of millions of dollars of their own money to achieve security upgrades that were budgeted for by the MTSA (Godwin 2005 and Nagle 2006)
The reporting and information regarding all crewmembers, passengers and cargo must be improved in order to better anticipate and deter security incidents. Part of the means to accomplish this will come from more efficient screening and inspection of vessels, crewmembers and cargo (Hollings 2002)
When executives for the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) testified before Congress in 2005 and 2006, they both indicated that the program was underfunded and that ports were spending hundreds of millions of dollars of their own money to achieve security upgrades that were budgeted for by the MTSA (Godwin 2005 and Nagle 2006). As a result, over 80% of the requested grants were not awarded and the government was required to restrict the eligibility of ports authorized to receive the grants, a move strongly opposed by the AAPA (Nagle 2006)
S. Coast Guard to design a security program in which each port would have to submit a security plan for approval (United States Senate, 2001)
One way of measuring the Coast Guard's success at achieving its goal against its burden imposed on the people is to look at the implementation of the regulations. By most accounts, from the very start of enforcement, the industry participants have been able to and willing to comply (White 2004 and Waldron and Dyer 2005)
Navy creating a new maritime dimension. This goes together with the Homeland Security (Christopher P. Cava, 'U
Other than military force, intelligence, diplomacy, community support and education is required. With the increase in military spending, resources diverted from other resources assists to meet economic, social and educational spending (Tom Quiggin, 'Time for a Different Approach in the War on Terrorism?', IDSS Commentary 82/2006, Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), 15 August 2006
Other than military force, intelligence, diplomacy, community support and education is required. With the increase in military spending, resources diverted from other resources assists to meet economic, social and educational spending (Tom Quiggin, 'Time for a Different Approach in the War on Terrorism?', IDSS Commentary 82/2006, Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), 15 August 2006