The most appropriate plan for effecting the change would be Lewin's Three-Step Model i.e. unfreezing, movement, and refreezing (Robbins & Judge, 2012)
). None of the lobbyists cited by Millions Against cross-checked with Open Secrets' list of Monsanto's 2011 lobbyist contracts (Open Secrets, 2012a), but current target of the most criticism Federal Department of Agriculture Deputy Commissioner for Food Safety Michael Taylor apparently worked as a VP-level public policy analyst for Monsanto for sixteen months between jobs working for Clinton and now Obama (Armour, 2012, n
11). Monsanto stole or has received from a partner it allegedly owns 26% of (Barker, n
S. biotechnology and the genetically engineered crops foreign firms use administrative process to force on sovereign countries there, with the result being that the EU slowly dismantles barriers to engineered feed and crops like Monsanto's (Davies, 2011, n
S. courts on grounds Monsanto had not yet taken action against those particular individuals (Gerken, 2012, n
Once farmers convert to the GM crops, the best way to cultivate them is to spray them with Monsanto's other major income generator, the herbicide Roundup, which "Roundup Ready" crops are genetically engineered to resist. Farmers also complain the GM corn, canola, soy and alfalfa are causing resistance in the weeds and predators these crops and chemicals were developed to overcome, a negative externality the University of Illinois is apparently investigating (Kaskey, 2011, n
35). What the 2011 10-K could not report but the 2012 edition will, is that the agrichemical giant is being charged with Indian partner firms for biopiracy by the Indian National Biodiversity Authority, for stealing eggplants (Laursen, 2012, p
What to make of this conflicting, labyrinthine and apparently contradictory paper trail? The major issues reveal where Monsanto's interests lie, as reported by the corporation itself, and by the actions brought against it in various courts around the world, including that of public opinion. The quality of all this information must be viewed as suspect given the interest all of these parties set out to defend, spin and frame (McGrath, 2007, p
S. And never made it to the bench (Rusche, 2012, n
" Thomas and Hrebenar (2008) define 'lobbyist' as a "person designated by an interest or interest group to facilitate influencing public policy in that group's favor by performing one or more of the following for the group" which list includes monitoring governmental rulemaking activity, "advising on political strategies and tactics," direct contact with public officials, and managing the overall effort to affect policy outcomes (4). These authors expand these activities to "include decisions about who gets elected to make those policies," including representing "informal groups" not required to report more formalized lobbying expense and activity (Thomas and Hrebenar, 2008, p
The sports entertainment products and services offered by the Sports Fan Coalition would be presented in a means in which they promote and represent the fun associated with sports, as well as the thrill of the competition and team spirit. These features are the ones most likely to attract sports fans (Berger, 2008)
In other words, the third alternative should be selected. d) Lobbying organization By becoming a lobbying organization, the Sports Fan Coalition would gain an increased ability to influence the decisions of policy makers (Wright, 1989)
Congress than in European parliaments, where party discipline and rigidity is stronger. Interest groups have far more incentive and ability to shape policy in the United States, which is why "Capitol Hill teems with lobbying organizations and lobbyists trying to influence political decisions in their favor" (Bennedsen and Feldmann, 2002, p
Lobbying expenditures also led to "excessive entry into the race for political office" and increased competition for money and favors (bribes) as well as future employment opportunities. Lobbies also attempted to shape the preferences of voters and "candidates manipulate their stances" to attract support from them (Besley and Coate, p
Policy outcomes depend on both "lobbyists' budgets and preferences and the legislators' preferences." Lobbyists compete to obtain votes, while legislators "care about how their voting records are received by their constituency, regardless of the actual outcome" (Debel et al
Some of the earliest studies on lobbying revealed that lobbyists spent most of their time with political and policy allies, whose views they only had to reinforce rather than change. Their efforts were widely considered to be "propaganda" and they spent most of their time telling legislators exactly what they wanted to hear (Hall and Deardorff, p
A classic example of direct lobbying behind closed doors by powerful corporate interests was the attempt by the chemical industry over the last four years to delay publication of a report by the Department of Health and Human Services that listed formaldehyde and styrene as carcinogens. Indeed, government scientists had intended to list these in the official Report on Carcinogens for many years, but were blocked due to "intense lobbying from the chemical industry" (Harris 2011)
Lobbyists use a variety of methods to influence legislators in the House of Representatives and to increase the size of coalitions and supermajorities in their favor. Direct lobbying of legislators, particularly of important committee chairs and members, is more common than grassroots efforts, which "require more time and resources" (Hojnacki and Kimball, 1999, p
AT&T is using a bear hug and astroturf strategy in building a campaign of public support for its acquisition of T-Mobile. It influenced liberal groups like the NAACP, the National Education Association and the Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation that had "no obvious interest in telecom deals" to write to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in favor of the merger (Krigman 2011)
Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas first coined the term "astroturf" in the 1970s, when corporations began to hire public relations firms like Davies Communications to set up bogus grassroots campaigns. A bear hug "serves as a signal-jamming device that prevents the interest group from signaling the intensity of its views," and is especially effective with groups that have limited funds and high lobbying expenses (Lyon and Maxwell, 2004, p