37). Traditional Korean culture therefore has a powerful influence on Korean businesses and as a result of the country's cruel subjugation by the Japanese during the early 20th century, a strong desire to win has become evident among many Korean businesspeople today (Austin, 2007)
Cultures such as South Korea's that have high levels of long-term orientation are characterized by patience, perseverance, respect for elders and ancestors, as well as a sense of obedience and duty toward the larger good (Newman & Nollen, 1999). The long-term orientation cultural dimension consists of the values of persistence, ordering of relationships by status and observing order, frugality and a sense of shame (Jackson, 2004)
Traditional Korean culture therefore has a powerful influence on Korean businesses and as a result of the country's cruel subjugation by the Japanese during the early 20th century, a strong desire to win has become evident among many Korean businesspeople today (Austin, 2007). This strong desire to win has been translated into the highest rate of export growth among the top 20 exporting nations of the world and the third strongest economy after Japan and China (Lee, 2005)
have several night-and-day differences in their cultural dimensions, particularly individualism and long-term orientation. Cultures such as South Korea's that have high levels of long-term orientation are characterized by patience, perseverance, respect for elders and ancestors, as well as a sense of obedience and duty toward the larger good (Newman & Nollen, 1999)
Also within Korea the educational system has been described as perpetuating gender inequalities. Inequalities within the educational system in Korea seem to be exacerbated rather than equalized (Acker, 1984a, Song, 2001)
S. that affirm the notion that overall minority participation in higher education is on the decline; the exception to this rule however is participation from Asian-American students, which actually is stabilized, and possibly on the increase (Bennett, 1994)
171). The Korean culture traditionally has maintained that women's roles are subordinate to that of men; this despite the fact that women have contributed greatly to the economic growth in Korea (Park, 1993)
Rather the inter-relationships and external factors such as peer influences and internal factors such as maternal influences and the mother-daughter relationship were examined to uncover to what extent a woman's self-perception and career orientation were influenced. The study acknowledged that a woman's choice of roles and career aspirations were tied to developmental history and the pressures of the social climate (Song, 2001:1)
According to some observations, the role of women in Japan is similar, though slowly changing. According to Tomoko Inukai, a Japanese writer, unless "Japan's male-dominated society alters its treatment of women, marriage and family, it is headed for social calamity" (Wetzstein, 1999:1)