Iran Contra Affair Sources for your Essay

Iran Contra Affair


Senatorial rhetoric is pragmatic. Senators "want to know what will is likely to work in the specific context and what is not" (Beer & Boynton, 1999)

Iran Contra Affair


Using the official records of Congressional committee hearings, Boynton examined how members make sense of policies and current events. Boynton charted the crystallization at meaning points when interpretation took shape, and charted how committee members attempted to convey to other committee members the meaning they generated for themselves (Boynton, 1991)

Iran Contra Affair


Cruz suggested that elites people in a culture have more latitude than might be surmised, and others have argued that strategic culture can be characterized as a reality that is negotiated among the elites of the foreign policy arena (2005). Cruz suggests that while leaders honor the deepest convictions embedded in their strategic culture, they are still apt to seek a degree of legitimization "for preferred policy courses that may, or may not, conform to traditional cultural boundaries" (Cruz, 2005)

Iran Contra Affair


Lethal assistance was formally discontinued to the Contras with the Presidential Finding in January of 1986. The Kerry Committee of the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations began an investigation into alleged narcotics trafficking and gun running during the Contra War (Ebel, 1992; Hamilton & Inouye, 1995)

Iran Contra Affair


With all the lenses and combinations of an optometrist's refractometer, the most relevant attribute for the purposes of this paper is that foreign policy analysis is agent-oriented and actor-specific (Hudson, 2005). In a 1993 seminal work analyzing the Cuban Missile Crisis, Alexander George (George, 1964) was unwilling to represent the humans in the crisis as "rational utility maximizers" who were equivalent to their nations

Iran Contra Affair


And Italy. A disappointed academic, he writes cynical, inflammatory neoconservative critiques for the Wall Street Journal and National Review (Hersh, 2007)

Iran Contra Affair


Contemporary theory in international relations would have it that the decision making unit of analysis is the state or nation. From this perspective, the state or nation is susceptible to "black boxing" and is considered to be equivalent to or approximate to a "unitary rational actor" (Hudson, 2005)

Iran Contra Affair


For international relations, the unit of analysis is not nations, per se, but the "human decision makers acting singly or in groups" who impact those nations and the relations between those nations. If one were to overlay an empirical framework, the human decision makers would be the independent variables and the nations would be considered the dependent variables (Lane, 1992)

Iran Contra Affair


Using the term "interpretive triple" as a construct, Boynton sets out a framework that shows how connections are made between facts and how the plausibility is ascribed to those facts. An interpretive triple can turn a list of facts or a chronology into a narrative by establishing between two events a plausible connection (Paletz, 1996)

Iran Contra Affair


Using the term "interpretive triple" as a construct, Boynton sets out a framework that shows how connections are made between facts and how the plausibility is ascribed to those facts. An interpretive triple can turn a list of facts or a chronology into a narrative by establishing between two events a plausible connection (Paletz, 1996)

Iran Contra Affair


Using the term "interpretive triple" as a construct, Boynton sets out a framework that shows how connections are made between facts and how the plausibility is ascribed to those facts. An interpretive triple can turn a list of facts or a chronology into a narrative by establishing between two events a plausible connection (Paletz, 1996)

Iran Contra Affair


S. officials could, under a clause known as "plausible deniability," retain secrecy about an event even to the point of denying any involvement in the activity (Rosenbach & Peritz 2011)

Iran Contra Affair


Marine Corps officer when he joined the National Security Council. North's perceptions appear to have substantively influenced by his military training and experience (U.S. v. William Calley Jr

Iran Contra Affair


After the Boland Amendment was passed, Reagan approached McFarlane and asked him to help keep the Contras rebels alive "body and soul." McFarlane passed that responsibility on to Colonel North (Walsh, 1998)

Iran Contra Affair


The Morning After -- An Analysis of What Went Wrong and What Was Right In Consideration of Ethics. The lens of foreign policy is not a single lens that can be held up to every foreign policy circumstance, every decision, and every stakeholder or agent in an event or situation (Wildavsky, 1987)

Iran Contra Affair


The United States Central Intelligence Agency armed and trained an anti-Sandinista Guerrilla force based in the neighboring countries of Honduras and Costa Rica called the "Contras." (Corn) These Contras began a series of terrorist raids in Nicaragua

Iran Contra Affair


"Lurking in the background of these affairs, then, was the ghost of McCarthyism." (Draper 568)

Iran Contra Affair


After questioning and flattering media coverage, North was almost proclaimed a hero. (Fritz) Then, Democrat Jack Brooks of Texas sought to question North about his role in the contingency planning for the roundup of hundreds of thousands of Central American immigrants

Iran Contra Affair


The committee gave North and Poindexter limited immunity in return for their testimony. (Kemper) The investigation by a special prosecutor Lawrence Walsh was sabotaged and ultimately shut down by the combined action of Congress, the courts and the Bush administration

Iran Contra Affair


Dozens of former CIA and retired military personnel were recruited to train the Contras and fly weapons into Central America. At first, American capitalists supplied much of the financing, but as the operation became more complex, money flowed from American allies who became involved as a "gesture to build goodwill in Washington" (Walsh 47)