For the two sets of government to coordinate and collaborate effectively, there is certainly an urgent need of measures and policies that clearly articulate the areas of jurisdiction of each of the government. The federal government harmonizes this process by considering the various interests of executive officers and representatives from these governments (Stephens and Wikstrom, 2007)
As such, resolving such challenges calls for the redefinition of the powers of these governments. This exercise entails, at the least, new consensus on the structure of political authority (Saxena, 2006)
Evidently, it is clear that the stated factors foster the tools of taxation, regulation, and public enterprise to protect their regional industry and counteract the federal policies. They call for greater recognition in the national policies, which negatively affect the goals (Zeemering, 2007)
gov). The Federal Government's Takeover of Public Projects A series of high-profile accidents in the Washington area metro system resulted in a proposed legislation to move the supervision of the transit rail safety from the state to the federal government (Caruso, 2009)
Is it time that the federal government step in and take over the safety regulation of local rail transit system (Caruso, 2009)? Or is it just that the existing state-based system simply needs improvement and more funding? It must be time to fix the appropriate federal role in the heightening rail transit safety situation (Caruso). Conclusion: The Better Choice Like Congress and state legislatures, local governing bodies, such as city councils or town boards, are composed of representatives formally chosen by the people they govern (Gifford, 2013)
"The debate over whether the Fourteenth Amendment makes applicable against the states all of the protections of the Bill of Rights is one of the most important and longest-lasting debates involving interpretation of the U.S. Constitution" (Linder 2012)
Conflict between federal authority and advocates of states' rights continued to be a thorn in the side of the new nation as it matured. In the case of the Nullification Crisis, it "arose in the early 1830s when leaders of South Carolina advanced the idea that a state did not have to follow a federal law and could, in effect, 'nullify" the law,'" specifically a tariff disadvantageous to South Carolina (McNamara 2013)
Once more oriented to the minimal statistics gathering and funding assistance between more or less watertight compartments, intergovernmental relations (IGR) has evolved into dynamic and highly integrated sets of behaviors, not only between agents of government but among a host of non-governmental actors, non-profit and for-profit." (Agranoff, 2008) Agranoff states that intergovernmental relations appear to have started with "the territorial organization of states, often termed in international nomenclature as 'primary civil divisions'
Four Intergovernmental Relations Areas Agranoff (2008) The work of Zeemering (2006) entitled: "City Council Members and the Representation Function in Intergovernmental Decision-Making" states that it is shown in the research that the public administrator plays a role of a critical nature in intergovernmental collaboration." (Zeemering, 2006) Elected officials who are officers of the government with authority to vote are the representatives of the public on many contracts of an intergovernmental nature and the public budgets that fund jurisdiction service provision
The work of Kuye and Ile entitled: "Realizing the Full Potential of Public Service Reform Philosophies: With Particular Reference to the Nigeria's Servicom and South Africa's Bath Pele Principles" states that a study conducted of intergovernmental relations and government service delivery states findings that: 1) Services are not benefiting people as they are inaccessible and indifferent to customer needs; 2) Public confidence is poor and institutional arrangements are confusing and wasteful; 3) Service delivery program should rather respond to citizens and consumer demand; 4) Service entitlements and rights (including timeframes and fees) should be communicated to the people; 5) Information on performance should be published; 6) Services should be redesigned around customer requirements; and 7) Leadership commitment should be mustered from the top (along side values such as selflessness, integrity, accountability, openness, honesty objectivity and patriotism)." (Kuye and Ile, 2007) Stated as necessary steps for improving the present situation are: 1) Improved communication and knowledge sharing among units of government and the public; 2) Create and strengthen monitoring and evaluation structures; 3) the public should be oriented and even re-oriented to the public services; and 4) the public should be educated about the philosophies of public service provision
The work of Kuye and Ile entitled: "Realizing the Full Potential of Public Service Reform Philosophies: With Particular Reference to the Nigeria's Servicom and South Africa's Bath Pele Principles" states that a study conducted of intergovernmental relations and government service delivery states findings that: 1) Services are not benefiting people as they are inaccessible and indifferent to customer needs; 2) Public confidence is poor and institutional arrangements are confusing and wasteful; 3) Service delivery program should rather respond to citizens and consumer demand; 4) Service entitlements and rights (including timeframes and fees) should be communicated to the people; 5) Information on performance should be published; 6) Services should be redesigned around customer requirements; and 7) Leadership commitment should be mustered from the top (along side values such as selflessness, integrity, accountability, openness, honesty objectivity and patriotism)." (Kuye and Ile, 2007) Stated as necessary steps for improving the present situation are: 1) Improved communication and knowledge sharing among units of government and the public; 2) Create and strengthen monitoring and evaluation structures; 3) the public should be oriented and even re-oriented to the public services; and 4) the public should be educated about the philosophies of public service provision
In discussions on urban planning and CMA, reference to major contribution of Public Choice theorists, such as Charles M. Tiebout (1956) offers seminal interpretation of incongruent application to territorial and functional consolidations, as "there may be differentiated efficiencies in the production of public goods, and that for the citizen, as a consumer of public services, a bigger unit of government is not invariably better" (Lightbody, 450)
In discussions on urban planning and CMA, reference to major contribution of Public Choice theorists, such as Charles M. Tiebout (1956) offers seminal interpretation of incongruent application to territorial and functional consolidations, as "there may be differentiated efficiencies in the production of public goods, and that for the citizen, as a consumer of public services, a bigger unit of government is not invariably better" (Lightbody, 450)
In discussions on urban planning and CMA, reference to major contribution of Public Choice theorists, such as Charles M. Tiebout (1956) offers seminal interpretation of incongruent application to territorial and functional consolidations, as "there may be differentiated efficiencies in the production of public goods, and that for the citizen, as a consumer of public services, a bigger unit of government is not invariably better" (Lightbody, 450)
Unfunded mandates such as these are a problem for state and local governments because the smaller government is left to its own devices in order to determine how it will pay for the mandated action. These mandates often end up costing states billions of dollars, such as the $30 billion that the National Conference of State Legislatures estimated the mandates would cost states in 2006 (McIlroy, 2005, para