5 million children nationwide have incarcerated parents, around 10 million more have parents who were imprisoned at some point in their children's lives. Simmons (2000)
This indicates that judges have the obligation and authority to determine the minimum term with reference to the severity of the crime before the law courts. Most minimum terms of the life sentence in the United Kingdom ranges between 15 and 17 years before the opportunity for the first parole hearing (Appleton p
Death penalties are also expensive in relation to time and effort consumption in comparison to life imprisonment. This makes it a better option for the United Kingdom's legal structure to focus on the administration of the life imprisonment rather than death penalty (Ashworth p
It is the duty of the law courts to determine an effective and appropriate punishment for the severe criminal activities such as murder and rape. This enables the adoption and implementation of life imprisonment to address justice to the relatives and the victims in relation to the criminal activity (Conte p
Life sentence proves to be a withdrawal from the normal encounters or social interactions to the prisoners thus adaptation to survive in the prison for the rest of their lives. Social withdrawal requires an essential attention because of the negative outcome such as isolation or psychological detraction (Cullen et al
Article (3) of the human rights focuses on the prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment. The main objective of the court was to offer a ruling on the essence of the complaints by the three applicants in relation to their conditions on the whole-life sentences as a breach to the human rights (Emerson et al
Life imprisonment is the most severe punishment in relation to critical or serious criminal activities in countries that do not have death penalty. There is a variation on the types of offences that are eligible for the imposition of life imprisonment (Gibson et al
The court also focuses on illustrating that life imprisonment for murder is not disproportionate or senseless in comparison to the severity of the criminal activity. The court also holds the view that there is no need for regular review of the criminal detention in order to comply with article 5 of the European convention on human rights (Murdoch p
The first condition is when the continued imprisonment is no longer justifiable in relation to any legitimate penological reasoning or grounds. The second condition for the violation of the article in relation to human rights is when the sentence for imprisonment is irreducible de jure and de facto (Reid p
The European Convention on Human Rights upholds a different perspective in relation to the violation of the proposals of the article in relation to violation of the human rights. The court of proposes on the need for the consideration of the mandatory sentences of life imprisonment with reference to lack or possibility of parole (Tonry p
2). The court also indicates that two reasons are behind the implementation of life sentences: deterrence and punishment (Warbrick et al
In the United States alone, sexual attacks in prison are considered rape when penetration occurs. It is estimated that inmates are approached with unwanted sexual advances over 80,000 times per day (Anderson, 2001)
Meanwhile, a certain newspaper revealed other sordid details of rapes cases that has occurred in prisons. These are (Harper, 2005): Much of the sex that takes place in prison happens along gender lines
Probation or Imprisonment Regardless of variations in the criminal code that differ from state to state, there are factors that generally are used in considering propriety of a probation sentence are alike in all jurisdictions in the United States. The reasons for these common factors are to ensure the appropriate punishment, consequences and rehabilitation of an offender as well as to protect society at large (Abadinsky, 2008)
Parents in Prison: Justice Literacy and Public Policy African-American children are "…more than seven times as likely as white children to have a parent in prison," according to Laura Brookes and Daphne Baille, writing in the peer-reviewed journal Reclaiming Children & Youth. The impacts on children whose parents (or a parent) are imprisoned, which this article focuses on, include the following: a) children go through "emotional and behavioral disturbance"; b) children obtain a "negative self-image"; c) children withdraw from friends and from their family; d) children develop "eating and sleeping disorders"; e) children suffer from anxiety and from development regression; f) children go through a period of "antisocial behavior"; and g) later in life children of incarcerated parents "…are more likely than their peers to be incarcerated or involved with police and the justice system" (Brookes, et al
All people, prisoners included, need the opportunity to grieve and to "…complete the specific tasks required for successful mourning"; but inmates are left out of this experience and are disenfranchised from contact with those who could share in their grief when a loved one passes on (Hendry, 275). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children "When parents become caught up in the criminal justice system, their partners, children and significant others are, by extension, affected, and this affect is significant" (Chui, 2010)
Incarceration and the tasks of grief Being incarcerated also means being isolated from family, which has enormous implications for the psychological and emotional health of the inmate. Chris Hendry writes in the peer-reviewed Journal of Advanced Nursing that there are "…unique aspects of incarceration that prevent prisoners from having access to usual ritual expressions and support structures" (Hendry, 2008, p
What about African-American families when a father is in prison? An article in the peer-reviewed Journal of African-American Men reflects the fact that while in 1985 the incarceration rate of African-Americans was 368 per 100,000, by 1995 the rate rose to 727 per 100,000. And while much of the literature about black families has concentrated on the black woman and her role, the role of black men in the family "…is one of the most conspicuously neglected areas of family research" in the country (Miller, 2001, p
What about African-American families when a father is in prison? An article in the peer-reviewed Journal of African-American Men reflects the fact that while in 1985 the incarceration rate of African-Americans was 368 per 100,000, by 1995 the rate rose to 727 per 100,000. And while much of the literature about black families has concentrated on the black woman and her role, the role of black men in the family "…is one of the most conspicuously neglected areas of family research" in the country (Miller, 2001, p
Hence, in turn, the incarceration policies that include an unfair percentage of minorities have an impact on the cultural makeup of those communities. Author Garrick Percival writes in the peer-reviewed Social Science Quarterly that when it comes to a conservative community -- a town or city that tends to be ideologically conservative -- the data shows there will be "higher rates of & #8230;both black and Hispanic incarceration" (Percival, 2010, p