The value of different methodology offers people a wide choice in care, since individuals respond better to some approaches than others. Toward the middle of the 20th century, psychologists such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Anthony Sutich criticized the mainstream psychology schools for "providing a diminished model of human nature" (Moss, 2001, p
For example, a person may have more pain than normal following an automobile accident, because of the fear turned inward. Phenomenology is a movement in philosophy adapted by certain psychologists to better understand the relationship between a person and anything he/she is consciously observing (Stewart & Mickunas, 1990, p
The two theoretical approaches of the Third Force, or humanistic psychology, are the person-centered approach by Carl Rogers and the self-actualization approach by Abraham Maslow (Moore, Katz). The Third Force was a departure from the first force psychology, which focused on animals and sick persons to functioning human beings (Cassell & Reiger, 2000)
But results of this study showed that the respondents became more creative in reacting to their problem of survival (Moore; Katz; Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence, 1998). the Individual and His Intrinsic Goodness Humanists believe that the present is the most important moment and aspect of the person (Heffner, 2004)
A motivation program, called "Personal Power," by Anthony Robbins applies the humanistic psychology's view that a person is responsible for the kind of life he or she chooses to live (Moore, Katz). The Higher Stage of Human Development A person who has attained a higher stage of human development undergoes certain noticeable structural personality changes (Hartman & Zimberoff, 2008)
The Third Force, or humanist psychology, has achieved widespread acceptance and application to current-day disciplines. Psychology is one of the youngest sciences, which developed into a formal discipline only in the late 19th century (Kassin, 2009)
When he achieves it, he reaches the ultimate state of personal fulfillment wherein he is at peace with himself (Kassin). Discussion The Third Force Humanistic psychology evolved as the adverse reaction to the unacceptability of psychodynamic psychology and behaviorism (Moore, 2001; Katz, 2009)
It aims at emotional development, improvement of interpersonal relations and enhance self-actualization through a goal-setting and goal-striving process (Cassell & Reiger). The term "the Third Force," was first used by Abraham Maslow in his work, "Toward a Psychology of Being," published in 1962 (Van Wagner 2009)
The Future of Humanistic Psychology Humanistic psychology is seen to endure in at least two areas. One is through the persisting and deepening exploration of underlying philosophical foundations of investigation (Warmoth, 1998)
In the words of Depok Chapro, a leader (from India) in the holistic health movement: "All of us are connected to patterns of intelligence that govern the whole cosmos. Our bodies are part of a universal body, our minds an aspect of a universal mind" (Chopra, 1997, p
Masculinity is defined through separation and independence while femininity is defined through attachment and connection. In feminist therapy, sometimes preferred by gay and lesbian couples, the "gender lens" is frequently applied (Colucci-Coritt, 1999)
Both focusing psychotherapy and process-experiential involve what Friedman (2005) describes as experiential listening. The therapist says back to the client in "an empathic, supportive, non-interfering way," what he perceives as the essence of the client's message (Friedman, 2005, p
The underlying philosophy is that for learning to be meaningful, it has to be self-initiated. Students need to reach out and actively pursue learning through experiences -- as opposed to the old idea of "the student as an empty vessel" who passively listened to a lecture and "filled up" with knowledge (Holland, 2004)
Rogers himself said that these core principles were more crucial to the outcome of therapy than the method used. About 200 centers for client-centered/person-centered psychotherapy exist today with most research activity, training and practice taking place in Europe (Kirschenbaum, 2005)
Transpersonal is strongly influenced by the work of Carl Jung, particularly his theories about the Collective Unconscious shared by all people, the archetypes which represent it, and the fact that he saw spiritual experiences as a sign of health. Abraham Maslow, a founding father of humanistic psychology, is credited with originating the field of Transpersonal as well: "I consider Humanistic, Third Force Psychology, to be transitional," he wrote, "a preparation for a still 'higher' Fourth Psychology, transpersonal, centered in the cosmos rather than in human needs and interests, going beyond humanness, identity, self-actualization, and the like" (Maslow, 1968)
Students need to reach out and actively pursue learning through experiences -- as opposed to the old idea of "the student as an empty vessel" who passively listened to a lecture and "filled up" with knowledge (Holland, 2004). Experiential learning facilitates personal growth, allows for differences in learning ability, and begins where the learner actually is (Nunan, 1999)
To do this, he points out the need to develop non-reductionist philosophies of science and new and original methods. Parallel to individual treatment, humanistic psychology has played a significant role in the development of therapeutic communities (TCs) for addicts with substance abuse problems (Soyez, 2005)
What is directly perceived and felt is given more credence than explanation and interpretation. The techniques of phenomenology allow a person to see the difference between what is actually perceived and what is left over from past experiences (Yontef & Simkin, 1989)
His ideas and theories represent a principal component of humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychology developed during the 1950 and 1960s within the United States; its focus is client centered or person centered approaches to therapy (Cummins, 1996: 108)
His notion is very valid, as a majority of people do take time to go on "spiritual journeys" where they for the most part, are seeking to find purpose and meaning in their lives. Self-actualization has been described as many including Maslow as the tendency of people to move toward a state of maturation (Gewirth, 1998; Maslow, 1962)