Chew and Associates explored the many means and methods employed by the Chinese to circumvent immigration laws. They used primary sources, including published law enforcement documents from 1896-1902 to examine the prevalence and techniques that came to be known as "substitution schemes" (Chew et al
Chew and Associates explored the many means and methods employed by the Chinese to circumvent immigration laws. They used primary sources, including published law enforcement documents from 1896-1902 to examine the prevalence and techniques that came to be known as "substitution schemes" (Chew et al
Chew and Associates explored the many means and methods employed by the Chinese to circumvent immigration laws. They used primary sources, including published law enforcement documents from 1896-1902 to examine the prevalence and techniques that came to be known as "substitution schemes" (Chew et al
Evidence by Chew and Associates determined that evidence from steamship manifests was sufficiently large enough to account for the apparent exchange of the aged for the youthful in the Chinese population. A new Generation of Historiographers Early historiographers paid little attention to the Asian population in the United States, but rather continued to propagate the myths and racism that surrounded them (Daniels, B7)
Instead, it seems to have increased Chinese immigration, when compared to the 30 years before the Exclusion Act. (Lee, 29)
The Exclusion Act is evidence of this important step in national identity. Omi and Winant called this process "race formation" (Omi and Winant, 57-69)
However, like today there are few statistics to back up these assumptions. The fourth ploy used to enter the country is a "substitution" scheme that took advantage of a policy that allowed Chinese immigrants to land at American sea ports on their way to Mexico and other destinations (Romero, 3)
Historiography and Behind the Urals The study of historiography is the study of the manner in which both methods of studying history and the way history is presented are combined to form a greater understanding of the underlying currents behind historical interpretations. The study includes such elements as the sources of data, who wrote and in what time frame, bias, preconceptions, and audience (Bentley 1999)
Gone were any foibles of the founding fathers, the view from Britain that the rebellion was illegal, and the idea that the colonists resorted to guerilla warfare in order to triumph. Instead, the characters are painted as heroes, the arguments and disagreements are underplayed, and the "history" is more of a recounting of events as the historians want the world to remember -- clearly not false, but not necessarily painting the entire picture (Furay and Salevouris 2000, 42-9)
policy, troop movements, and nuclear weapon availability. Verona not only outed Scott, but helped convict the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (Haynes and Klehr0, 1999, 194-5, 237)
George Santayana, a 19th/20th century philosopher and novelist, in his book the Life of Reason wrote about progress, about common sense, and about the manner in which humans can enjoy a self-actualized life. In this book he separates humans from beasts by their capacity to understand and embrace change, famously quoted as "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" (McCormick 2003, 144)
Typically, the revisionist viewpoint evolves after a period of time giving scholars a greater degree of material and distance with which to make decisions. Additionally, as scientific methods advance (dating of materials, new translation techniques, access to previously denied materials), changes in viewpoint often beg another interpretation of events (McPherson 2003)
The idea of personal history has even become part of popular culture. For instance, NBC's new television series show called "Who Do You Think You Are" investigates the genealogy of actors and actresses (Television 2010)
The need for change, and the Macanese's welcoming attitude toward the reversion to Chinese control, were due in large part to the inordinate reliance on industries that were conducive to criminal activity. For instance, prior to the transition in 1999, Macau's economy was highly reliant on tourism and gambling, with fully 43% of the territory's revenues being generated by these activities (Kurlantzick 1)
Debauchees, adulterers, and gamblers, who had squandered their inheritances in gaming-dens, pot-houses, and brothels; anyone who had bankrupted himself to buy impunity for his infamous or criminal acts; men convicted anywhere of murder or sacrilege, or living in fear of conviction; cut-throats and perjurers, too, who made a trade of bearing false witness or shedding the blood of fellow citizens; in short, all who were in disgrace or afflicted by poverty or consciousness of guilt, were Catiline's intimate associates." (Bonta Master of Deceit section ¶ 2) Its purpose and scope Howatson, and Chilvers note that Sallust's work expounds on the causes of political events, along with relating the motives for men's actions
Boyd reports the other four Pagen conspiracies to include: the Bacchanalian affair of 186 BCE, as narrated by Livy; the Pisonian conspiracy of 65 CE, as narrated by Tacitus; the assassination of Caligula in 41 CE, as narrated by Josephus; and the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, as narrated by Appian. (Boyd
This account by Hornblower, and Spawforth, which focuses on Velleius, rather than Sallust, points out that at least one other historian, Velleius, considered the phraseology in Sallust's work worth imitating. (Hornblower, and Spawforth)
C. Howatson, and Ian Chilvers, authors of "Sallust," report that as Sallust, the son of a plebeian family, orn at Amiternum in the Sabine country, grew to become the Roman historian, he frequently engaged in controversial practices ranging from adultery with Clodius' wife; to participating in fomenting the riots of 52; to enriching himself significantly at the expense of province; to being charged with extortion upon his return to Rome (not convicted) (Howatson, and Chilvers)
In "By the Sword and the Plow: Theodore Chasseriau's Cour Des Comptes Murals and Algeria," Peter Benson Miller purports that Sallust's text served as more than a mere instrument to endorse French designs. "Ii prescribed a plan of action guaranteeing the success of the mission" (Miller Classisicm and the Roman Paradigm section ¶ 4)
Figure 1 portrays likeness of Sallust. Figure 1: Portrayal of Sallust (Thayer)