The first few people who started hacking were the computer professionals who adopted the word "hack" as a synonym for computer work executed with a certain level of craftsmanship. Eventually, the noun hacker" was applied to define the skilled computer workers (Hannemyr, 1999)
" (Hannemyr, 1999) Back then, these activities did not consider or refer to themselves as 'hackers'. The term was only thrust upon them on the year 1984 when they a publicist, Steven Levy, wrote about them and coined them as the 'Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution' (Levy, 1984)
Because of this, the impact of hacking also varies. It may be just invasive and annoying at some point, but on some extent, it can also be perceived as illegal (Stone, 1999)
This activity can lead to identity theft, which is a fraud that involves pretention to be someone else with the intent to gain unauthorized information or property. Another possible outcome of this activity is confidential information related to national defense, security and crime if exposed may result in endangering national security and the nation's welfare (Oak, 2011)
It's run by little ones and zeroes, little bits of data. It's all just electrons" (Robinson, 1992)
The most readily apparent example of this justifiable hacking of a corporation is the recent hacking of security firm HBGary by the loose collection of hackers and activists known as Anonymous. HBGary had been compiling information on Anonymous members, Wikileaks supporters, and the journalist Glenn Greenwald after having been hired by Bank of America in an attempt to disrupt both Wikileaks and its supporters after rumors appeared that the transparency advocacy group was in possession of a hard drive containing evidence of criminal wrongdoing at Bank of America (Bright, 2011)
By looking at the recent hacks of the security firm HBGary, the search engine giant Google, and the collection of blogs run by Gawker Media, it will become clear that not only do corporations have a social responsibility to protect their customers and clients from hacking attempts, but that hacking into a corporation or government's website or systems may be entirely justifiable given the realities of the contemporary information landscape. As Palmer (2001) notes, with the rise of the internet and the massive stores of data connected to it, "organizations came to realize that one of the best ways to evaluate the intruder threat to their interests would be to have independent computer security professionals attempt to break into their computer systems," which is essentially "similar to having independent auditors come into an organization to verify its bookkeeping records" (Palmer, p
" Furthermore, the management at Gawker Media admitted that "we're upset, too, and deeply embarrassed about the breach. Rest assured that we're doing what we can to both fix what's happened and ensure that it doesn't happen again in the future" (Stern 2010)
Thus, the CEO of a company that has been the victim of an unauthorized hack must consider a number of factors before responding, all the while aware that the more time which passes between identifying the intrusion and notifying the public will increase the appearance of incompetence or complicity. To see how a company might respond to a security breach, consider the following hypothetical e-mail script to be sent to AT&T customers in light of the security flaw which allowed members of 4 chan to access thousands of Apple iPad users' e-mails in 2010 (Tate 2010)
"Under the laws of various jurisdictions, the company might be liable for a variety of common law claims including negligence, strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities, and contract claims." (Finch, & Spiegel, 2014 p 352 -353)
Although, Sony attempted to defend itself against the lawsuit, however, the company finally agreed to settle the affected employees. (Schwartz, 2015)
It is essential to realize that data are the life blood of organizational competitive market advantages. (Sterlicchi, 2015)
As such, they need to be extremely protected and backed up for safekeeping. Even the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has stumbled in this regard (Zengerle, 2015)
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