These findings reveal a lack of consensus on screening strategies in some countries. The use of reagent test strips to detect glycosuria when screening for GDM is a common practice in many countries, even the United States (Alto 2005)
A Quality Rating Scale (QRS) will be created to evaluate the quality of the study in a number of ways. The QRS will be adapted from a published QRS (Churchill et al
A recent systematic review estimated the global prevalence of hyperglycemia during pregnancy to be 14.8% (Guariguata et al
0 units/kg/d, divided evenly between several administrations during the day. GDM Screening in Practice OGTT, in its various forms, is the most widely-recognized laboratory screening method for GDM (Hanna et al
The objective of this systematic review will therefore be the evaluation of the research literature that will answer the following question: "Which GDM screening methods and protocols are the most cost-effective for a given population?" Only two patients groups will be considered here and these are low- and high-risk women for GDM who do not have undiagnosed diabetes. The problem being addressed through the PICO question format is as follows: P = gestational diabetes I = gestational diabetes screening methods C = cost comparison between the GDM screening methods and protocols O = the most cost-effective screening method for a given patient population: low- or high-risk Literature Search Strategy The systematic review will adhere as much as possible to the guidelines published by the Cochrane Collaboration (Higgins 2011)
1% between 46 and 60-years of age. GDM Etiology and Risk Factors Hyperplasia of the pancreatic ?-cells leads to increased insulin production, which is fortunate because pregnancy causes increased insulin resistance after a short period of increased insulin sensitivity (Prutsky et al
Preventive Services Task Force (2008), and the American Diabetes Association (2013) are just a few agencies and organizations who have weighed in on this topic. Elsewhere, the Cochrane Systematic Reviews (Tieu et al
When insulin production is insufficient to control blood glucose levels, however, GDM develops. There are a number of GDM risk factors that have been identified, including non-European ancestry, overweight, obesity, age, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, fertility problems, and a family history of diabetes (Zhang et al
In other words, the mother is not able to create enough insulin for her body to use, and it can affect both the mother and the baby. Other experts believe that the disease is caused by elevated hormone levels that only occur during pregnancy (Lewis, 2002)
Women suffering from gestational diabetes are also more prone to suffer from toxemia, as well. Another writer states, "Compared with women who don't have diabetes, women with diabetes are up to five times more likely to develop toxemia, a disorder marked by hypertension, protein in the urine, swelling, headache, and visual disturbances" (Meadows, 2001, p
Glyburide is the leading medication for treating gestational diabetes with the least side effects. A comparison of treatment between insulin and glyburide showed glyburide is more cost effective compared to insulin (Goetzl & Wilkins, 2002)
It is important that women who have experienced gestational diabetes lose weight, maintain a regular exercise routine and follow medical advice. African-American women who have had gestational diabetes and have one parent with a history of diabetes are at extreme risk for type 2 diabetes (Osei, Gailard & Schuster, 1998)