Gender, in our society, normally is defined by what our sex organs are -- whether or not they make us male or female. But what about people mentioned in the article such as David Reimer (Myers) who was born a male but socialized as a female? He was even given hormones to make him grow breasts, yet he said he always identified as a male
' Having non-reproductive sexual desire or being only one gender (like the visitor and emissary from Earth Genly Ai) is regarded as perversion. "Excessive prolongation of the kemmer period, with permanent hormonal imbalance towards the male or female, causes what they call perversion; it is not rare, three or four percent of adults may be physical perverts or abnormal -- normals by our [earthly] standards" (Le Guin 64)
As Mary a. Ward writes in the Introduction to the Haworth edition of Villette: "The imagination is at least the fruit of the experience; for the poet weaves with all that comes to his hand" (Bronte, xvi)
As Mary a. Ward writes in the Introduction to the Haworth edition of Villette: "The imagination is at least the fruit of the experience; for the poet weaves with all that comes to his hand" (Bronte, xvi)
Debra Teachman is pointing out that girls in Victorian England had to walk on a very thin line between the expected amount of innocence they had to display and the knowledge about worldly affairs that involved their relationship with young men: "because the future of most women was only considered secure if they married, they also had to make themselves as attractive as possible to men of their social class so that they would be considered acceptable as marriage partners. Learning the accepted rules of proper behavior for her station in life, therefore, was an essential part of every girl's education" (Teachman, 30)
The two authors consider Daphne Spain' analysis of structure, spatial arrangements and architecture in the way they express or determine people's relationships' arrangements: "So, it seems that with the extra space an estate home provided, men gained even more exclusive realms. The home, the domestic environment, may have been all that was appropriate and permissable for women; yet, even in that environment, their access was not complete" (Piehler, Lang, 42)
The sociocultural and historical factors may have demanded men of lower status to strengthen their hierarchy by having sex with other males. The author actually synthesizes evolutionary and social construction theories of homosexuality in men (Adriaens, and Adriaens 570-585)
She further asserts that if only differences between physiology and emotions are to be considered, then there are more differences within females as a group as compared to men and women as two different groups or sexes. Thus, there are more sexes than the society is willing or able to recognize (Allan 276)
Labor means work and Fennels explains that the work is assigned and divided among society based on their gender. Based on genders, men are assigned the labor of breadwinning whereas women are assigned the labor of child care, birthing, and nursing (Fennell, 496-97)
Bell hooks define feminism as a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression. Why does she frame feminism this way? She frames feminism this way because the definition clearly states that feminism is not about hating males not it is anti-male but it is a movement against such bigotry and discrimination that is based on sex, the victim of which can be female or male (Hooksvii-ix)
Name the two arenas that men's power over women is expressed. The two arenas in which men's power over women is expressed are 'public patriarchy' and 'domestic patriarchy' (Kimmel, 2-3)
Male sex on the other hand has testicles and carries stronger bones. Such is not the case with female sex (WHO)
The findings of a study by Bartlett, Vasey and Bulkowski (2000) suggest that the level of congruence between young people's perception of their gender and the respective role assigned to that gender by society provides support for a social basis for the condition of gender dysphoria in young people. These authors evaluated a series of empirical studies to determine whether gender identity disorder in children satisfied the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th Edition (DSM-IV) definitional criteria for mental disorder by analyzing whether gender dysphoria in children is associated with (a) present distress; (b) present disability; - a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom (Bartlett et al
265). Not surprisingly, some transgendered children tend to process these collective experiences in ways that do not provide them with the healthy outcomes they need to live their lives in a fashion that is congruent with their perceived gender, which can result in gender dysphoria and its associated comorbidities, including Asperger's syndrome, eating disorders, depression and even suicide (Cole, O'Boyle, Emory & Meyer, 1997) and these issues are discussed further below
Based on the survey responses from parents of 314 twin pairs, aged 7 to 14 years, these researchers identified a 2.3% prevalence and 62% heritability rate for gender identification disorder in their sample of twins, but identified nonshared environmental effects explained 38% of the variance (Coolidge et al
The purpose of a recent study Deogracias, Johnson, Meyer-Bahlburg, Kessler, Schober and Zucker (2007) was to develop a psychometrically sound dimensional measure of gender identity (gender dysphoria) that could be used with adolescents and adults of both sexes. The authors emphasize the importance of their study of populations of patients with gender identity conflict due to the prevalence of specific comorbid psychiatric conditions, including Asperger's disorder and eating disorders (Deogracias et al
300). These researchers also found that there is a possibility that parents respond to their children in such a fashion that it reinforces certain cross-sex behaviors; however, these researchers also caution that the causal nature of such parenting influences cannot be assumed (Diamond & Sigmundson)
95). The rationale cited by these researchers for using an essentialist theoretical basis for their study was that "they all shared the fact that they 'were intensely and abidingly uncomfortable in their anatomic and genetic sex and their assigned gender'" (Fisk, 1973, p
Finally, although Levitt and Hiestand (2004) do not include children or adolescents in their analysis of how constructivist views can be used to understand gender identification shifts, these authors emphasize that in recent years, women have succeeded in creating a "distinct 'butch' gender identity with all the social, romantic, and personal complexities that characterize other genders. Other constructivist theorists claim not that butch gender alone is a construction but rather that all genders are distinct from physical sex, and result instead from performative acts that have acquired cultural meaning through their repetition" (Levitt & Hiestand, p
9 years, range=16-28 years) were still available and amenable to continue participation in the study. Of the original 77 subjects, 54 subjects, or 27% (12 boys and 9 girls), were found to be gender dysphoric (the researchers defined this cohort as the "persistence group"), and 43% (desistance group: 28 boys and 5 girls) were no longer gender dysphoric (Wallien & Cohen-Kettenis)