Another concern for those who have mental health issues in Australia is that these issues are often tied to many other problems, like domestic violence and criminal behavior, but only arrests are made for the behaviors, placing the people on probation and parole (Australian, 2012). It is not that people should not be arrested for this kind of behavior, but that -- if mental health problems are the cause -- they should also be treated for the mental health issues they are facing (Demyttenaere, et al
When a person on probation or parole needs proper mental health care, he or she may or may not realize that it is even needed. If it is not adequately realized, then there need to be legislative requirements that can force the person needing the care to get that care so he or she is not a danger to himself or herself, or a danger to other people (Keyes, 2002)
By taking that into consideration, it is possible to make changes to the Australian mental health care system that will address policies and legislation that can and should be adjusted for those on probation and parole. While not the perfect solution, there are no perfect options when it comes to mental health concerns (Munce, et al
, 2005). Not only are they not getting the help they need in order to live productive lives, they are also more likely to reoffend, violate their probation or parole, become homeless, drink to excess, do drugs, and get involved in other unsavory behavior (Patel & Prince, 2002)
Current policies and procedures that are in place for those who may be suicidal or who may harm themselves while they are on probation and parole are important, but they do not go far enough. It makes sense to protect people from themselves if there is an indication that they may become distraught or confused and hurt themselves (Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, 2010)
This can also happen because they think self-harm is a good idea, or they cannot see any way out of their current situation other than suicide. If they were mentally healthy, though, they may realize that the way they are looking at things is not realistic, and that they could be better served by getting healthy so they could take care of themselves (Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett, 2010)
Forensic Mental Health Legislation and Policies The current position on forensic mental health issues when it comes to legislation and policies is a strong one, but there are some difficulties that do not translate well into the probation and parole policies that are currently offered. In other words, there are issues that are not being addressed, and that are allowing individuals with mental health problems who on are probation and parole to slip through the cracks and struggle with their issues on their own (Wang, et al
For example, in Roper v. Simmons (2005) the court declared the death penalty unconstitutional for persons under 18 (Guggenheim 2012: 3)
This would mean labeling the individual as a criminal; and in some cases, the individual could also be diagnosed with psychological disorders linked to substance use and abuse even when the person might just have been having a good time. The link between genuine substance abuse issues and mental illness is covered in the DSM-IV, however, because substance abuse can be considered a defining symptom of mental illnesses such as clinical depression (Bartol & Bartol, 2008)
"The interface is not as well-developed as that of Encase of ProDiscover." (Kanellis 64) All software tools presented here are relatively straightforward and this plays an important role in making each of them appealing to forensic experts
Materials managed and available through Digital Corp and downloaded at: http://digitalcorpora.org/downloads/bulk_extractor/, Instructions available as well. (Garfinkel, 2012)
Of course, some items (like desks) take up multiple areas, and thus may confirm to many parts of the grid. As an example, if we take the photograph given and apply a grid to it, we find:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ABCDEFGHIJ We can then simply make a simple model to ensure that we cover all aspects of the gridded material, A-J and 1-9 (Krotski, 2011)
8. The items were inventoried and then checked by two additional staff members, both of whom signed notarized affidavits to the veracity of the materials (Romano, 2005)
Then, a second "property" warrant is often needed; and in the same manner a warrant for electronic bank records, phone records, the contents of phone or device memory, etc. Indeed, as society moved even further into the digital world, it becomes even more necessary to follow procedure within legal traditions that set rules and standards for technology as a law enforcement tool, as well as part of contemporary evidence (Ami-Narh & Williams, 2008)
Simply out of convenience in storage, professionality in tone, and accurate, Court have allowed more of the use of emails, digital photography, ATM transaction logs, word processing documents, texts or instant message histories, computer memory (backups, printouts, etc.), GPS data and logs, logs from door locks, and digital/video files (Casey, 2010)
This is, however, more complicated that simply replacing paper evidence with digital evidence, since the digital evidence is usually something filmed, photographed, or attained that may be challenged in a Court of Law. Therefore, before accepting digital evidence, individual Courts tend to determine if it is authentic and relevant, how the evidence was collected, if it is hearsay and whether copies of certain evidence are adequate or if the original is required (Frieden & Murray, 2011)
Because of this, Courts often take extra steps to authenticate the evidence, as well as prove best evidence and privledge. In 2006, for instance, digital evidence was attacked with the notion that it could be modified easily, however Courts are leaning towards rejecting the tampering argument due to techniques that log file changes, keep certain data secure, and even firewalls that protect documents from even being modified (Ryan & Shpantzer, 2009)
This is important to forensics as we introduce digital evidence in crime scene management, methodology, and reporting information to the Court. Overall, this consists of: 1) Formulation of a hypothesis or using a hypothesis to explain an event or phenomena; 2) Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations; 3) Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters; 4) Test the evidence in peer review and prove its worth (technique or result) to the Court (Young, 2010) Digital Evidence As technologies have changed, so has the type of evidence that is used within a forensics model
This implies that its acceptance in the scientific community as evidence in court has been quite shaky. Therefore graphology is still not always acceptable as evidence in the criminal justice system partly due to the fact that tis science has some things that have to be made clear including; the determination of a reliable error rate as well as setting standards for the process of doing comparisons (Ramsland, 2014)
When there is a suspect in a crime and part of the evidence is a handwritten note, investigators might call for the assistance of handwriting experts to try and find out if there are a match.in some cases, this can be just one piece of evidence which might get a suspect charged and convicted eventually (Thomas, 2002)