The void space created by a bow-string truss can allow smoke, heat, and fire conditions to go undetected causing a false sense of security for firefighters operating beneath it (Fornell, 1995). Because more surface area is exposed to flames than with standard construction, collapse can take place in a much shorter time frame (Dunn, 2006)
NIOSH Report -- Fire Safety Case #1 - Explain the primary hazards presented by bow-string trussed roofs that are involved in a fire. The void space created by a bow-string truss can allow smoke, heat, and fire conditions to go undetected causing a false sense of security for firefighters operating beneath it (Fornell, 1995)
While on an emergency scene with a potential for collapse, firefighters can prevent injuries and casualties by setting up clear collapse zones for all structures and parapet walls that may be faulty or weak (Fornell, 1995). A parapet wall has little, if any, lateral stability and will present a high potential for collapse (Malanga, 1996)
"Over the years, fire sprinklers have become mandatory safety equipment, and are required by building codes to be placed in hospitals, schools, hotels and other public buildings." (Bellis, 1) Though the fitting of such standard measures can be economically costly, especially for landlords renting out units in a smaller building, the consequences for a failure to adhere to proper fire safety standards can be considerable, with fatality and loss of the structure being the most dire of consequences
To this latter end, in 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which "established for the first time a nationwide, federal program to protect almost the entire workforce from job-related death, injury and illness." (McLaury, 1) This would prompt the 1971 creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which would be charged with the responsibility of developing a comprehensive plan toward the end of this accomplishment, a means to administering this plan and the tools with which to reinforce the regulatory demands of this plan
30 per cent) and with no detectors at all (6 per cent vs. 16 per cent)." (McLoughlin et al
Improved reliability is needed such that fire detection systems can automatically control fire suppression systems." (Rose-Pehrsson, 325) These two objectives are paired for a reason, as one of the key deterrents after the cost of initial installation for the use of sprinklers is that a close connection between smoke detectors and sprinklers can trigger an unwanted fire suppression response when no such suppression is needed
(2009) make the point that "people living in deprived areas suffer a disproportionately high level of fires." (Towner et al
Management is especially affected by this, as much of the planning that goes on in an organization is done by those in the upper levels. The manager that runs the organization, and the group that has been assembled to create the strategic plan, might often find that some of the goals and values that the organization holds require that some of the job functions that were previously done by a specific person now be done by another (Bartlett, 1995)
One of the main reasons that this is a problem is because everyone looks at strategic planning a little bit differently. Not all individuals who teach strategic planning to others have the same philosophies of exactly how to mix theories of business and real world experience to create a strategic plan that is legitimate and worthy of consideration in the real world of business (Boyd, 2001)
Even if they do not get what they want, they will feel better for having had the opportunity to speak, and sometimes they can be assured that what they want and need is coming in the future. To really make the 'ideal' future plans, one needs to be both a futurist and a planner, or at least employ both of these kinds of people (Cole, 2001)
Strategic planning has gotten so technologically advanced that there is now software that can be purchased for this purpose. This software is not designed to create a strategic plan for the entire business, but it is designed to allow management to view the future and insert several possible scenarios so that they can do the best job possible of determining whether or not they will have difficulty in the future if they accept a certain route (Davis, 1999)
It was more a way to program the business into doing what was wanted of it, instead of actually looking at what needed to be done to make sure that the business was keeping up with the times. It was 'strategic programming,' not strategic planning (Mintzberg, 1994)
Looking at where one has been is often a good indicator of where one is going, and the present is a good time to make course corrections for the future. How a business does this analysis and correction, and how they use their strategy to help their performance often indicates why some businesses do so much better than others, when both perform seemingly the same functions in the same kind of environment (Tegarden, 2003)
The prevention of fires in schools is an especially difficult business to create a strategic plan for. This is largely due to the fact that fire departments, much like police departments and school fire safety services, are used to reacting to things instead of preparing for things (Wallace, 1998)
.Thus, the most crucial physical evidence to reveal the causes of the collapse of the towers was intentionally and illegally destroyed without public examination" (Firmage, 2006)
Built for a maximum occupancy capacity of 460, the nightclub contained approximately 1,000 occupants and had no sprinkler system, the wall and ceiling decorations caught fire quickly and the fire then spread quickly, many windows and doors were sealed shut, the exit doors swung opposite the flow of panicking patrons trying to escape the fire and the main exit was a revolving door. As a result 492 people were killed attempting to escape (Office of the Vice President for University Operations, the University of Texas at Austin, 2009)
History of Building Construction and Changes Related to Fire Safety & Prevention History of Building Construction and Changes Related to Fire Safety and Prevention Major Cases in the United States That Have Led to Changes in Fire Safety and Prevention in Building Construction Though numerous tragic fires have contributed to our current Fire Safety and Prevention measures, a few cases dominate our country's collective memory in the establishment and refinement of the "Life Safety Code." Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire One hundred years ago, government did not exert much safety control over business, so the types and extent of fire safety were freely controlled by employers (Pinkerson, 2011)
As approximately 275 employees, mostly women with the average age of 19, left work for the day, a fire broke out (Yaz) in the Factory. With an inadequate amount of water to douse the fire, fire ladders and hoses too short to reach the Factory's upper floors, locked escape routes, doors opening inward that trapped onrushing employees attempting to escape, and an elevator and fire escape that collapsed under the weight of many panicked would-be escapees (Rosa), many trapped individuals simply jumped to their deaths
" Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire One hundred years ago, government did not exert much safety control over business, so the types and extent of fire safety were freely controlled by employers (Pinkerson, 2011). For example, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, employing hundreds of immigrants and was insured for fire damage to benefit the owners but had little concern for its workers (Pinkerson, 2011): Triangle arbitrarily provided 27 buckets of water to extinguish fires, doors that were either locked to prevent employee theft or opened inward, an elevator that was inadequate for the weight of many individuals, and fire escapes that were also insufficient for a great number of people escaping fire at the same time (Yaz)