19). In the end, she sums up by indicating that gender plays a role in leadership opportunities, but style and priorities remain same as always (Lyman, Ashby & Tripses, 2005)
The gender inequality is influenced in the manner of leading, speaking and influencing. Hence, men and women have been deemed as two dissimilar kinds of people (Merchant, 2012)
According to Schein, Mueller, Lituchy and Liu (1996), women are afflicted with the typical think-manager-think male norm. In Nichols (1994) opinion, the popular opinion is that women aren't cut out for the tough decisions and roles of management position; hence they are kept out from these positions (Michailidis, Morphitou & Theophylatou, 2012)
This is due to the glass ceiling effect which hinders them from rising to upper management positions. They also experience the glass escalator effect, where men are pushed forward along the corporate ladder whilst women are kept back (in women dominated fields as well Maume, 1999; Williams, 1992) (Ryan & Haslam, 2007)
49), the fact of the matter is that, they haven't. Hence, this wrong assumption of women acquiring equality while statistics show a different side creates misunderstanding, although popular view is that women have made their way into top management position, but they still are outnumbered by men in: Directorship Governance Executive leadership (Schwanke, 2013)
But the corporate world is based on certain gender norms and stereotypes of role provisions. Hence these roles have made certain divisive identities (Sharma, & Sharma, 2012)
Laurence Harris, an economist with the University of London, writes that Marx viewed the development of capitalism as "a conflict between labor and capital." A capitalist economic system requires an economic gap between capitalists and the working class (Bottomore, p 66)
However, the growing capitalism of the East European countries is testimony to the impracticality of this radical approach. After all, as Herbert Gans observed in his study of poverty, there are many aspects of stratification that could not be addressed through a mere redistribution of resources (Gans, p 71)
While the original Social Security Act was limited to only retirement benefits for the worker, two 1939 amendments added benefit payments to the retirees' dependents (spouse and to the minor children) and survivor benefits to the family in case a covered worker dies prematurely. Thus ushered in the Social Security program that is in place today, one that provides security and benefits for the family rather than just an individual worker (Schieber and Shoven, 31)
By trying to earn money for themselves, working people unwittingly contribute to the greater good of society, as if they were "as if guided by an invisible hand." (Smith, paragraph IV
Women's Rights: The quest for women to obtain acceptance, equal rights, and recognition in society has been a long struggle and process. This is primarily because women's rights in America have been an issue of debate since the inception of the country (Betchel & Arundel, n
The right to vote replaced the perception that equality involved giving women the freedom to assemble and protest about the female status and position in the society. Before, this amendment, women were not allowed to be assertive or opinionated but were expected to show concern and interest in cooking, fashion, knitting, and volunteer activities (Fuentes, 2001)
Recent articles on the issue hint that the women who coach these college teams make much less than the coaches of the male teams, and much of the money that goes to scholarships at these schools is turned over to the male athletes, leaving the female athletes out of the mix. Many schools spend 2 to 3 times more on their male athletic programs than on their female athletic programs (Fish, D1)
An analysis of the economic trends of the past decades and certain other features of society in the United States reveals that the income gap is built on a self-perpetuating system that is further exacerbated by inequalities in access to education and healthcare. Income Gap Self-Perpetuation The primary reason that the income gap in the United States has continued to grow at rampant rates is that income, especially the take-home portion of income, is directly related to taxation, and on the other end income (that is, money) can be used to influence policy making through lobbying, campaign contributions, and other means (Domhoff, 2012)
Income Inequality Exploring and Explaining the Income Inequality in the United States: The Self-Perpetuation of the "Meritocracy" The recent (and ongoing, though now far less publicized) Occupy protests were not meant simply to highlight the outright corruption and greed that was perceived to exist in the world and the nation's financial industry, but also to highlight and to protest the growing wealth disparity in the developed world and most especially in the United States. The rallying cry of "We are the 99%" was explicitly meant to call attention to the wealth and income gap in the nation, which has grown at exponential rates over the past several decades and has reached levels that are unprecedented at any previous point in history (Gilson & Perot, 2011; Domhoff, 2012; Berman, 2011)
MacKinnon's ideas indicate that free speech and inequality live side-by-side in the country, and that they have never been contested together in the courts. She writes, "First Amendment speech and Fourteenth Amendment equality have never contended on Constitutional terrain" (MacKinnon 73)
Women also constitute the majority of the 1.5 billion people living on $1 a day or less" (Abbate, 2010)
Therefore, any solutions developed need to focus on changing the laws being implemented on the ground and this involved political negotiation and campaigning. It is only by increasing financial and nonfinancial support to these organizations that they can affirm their strategies to promote gender equality and improve the lives of women (Aikman, Halai, & Rubagiza, 2011)
Groups and organizations that promote women's rights are also underfunded and they face different challenges. Though their focus is largely on issues affecting women and girls, their work spans across all genders since they have sensitization work to be conducted at all levels to promote gender equality by raising awareness of the benefits of gender equality and working to increase equality using basic interventions and strategies (Eastin & Prakash, 2013)
Some scholars have argued that the fact that women are given some inheritance and recognition as witnesses, albeit unequal to men, is a revolution to the traditional Islamic misogynist views. These scholars also argue that most Muslim communities involve women in their rituals and cultural obligations compared to other communities suggesting Islam has made great strides in improving gender equality (Frias, 2008)