One aspect that is not as clear is gender roles. For example, a stay-at-home father character with a bread-winning wife blurs the portrayal of gender roles (Alexander, 2009)
A total of eight-hundred twenty-nine characters were rated based on attractiveness, intelligence, socioeconomic status, movie outcome, and other categories. The research concluded that of these films, older female characters were more underrepresented and negatively portrayed than their corresponding male characters (Bazzini, 1997)
Notably, the portrayal of mental illness has left its mark on the entertainment industry, and thus, the audience. Some films are famous for their depiction of a psychopath, exemplifying them as cold, calculating monsters, but in reality, this is only a small confine of psychopathy (Hesse, 2009)
Psychopaths account for an unappreciable amount of the world population, yet their existence in film suggests otherwise -- a nod to the power of stereotypes. Film and television also depict those experiencing depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other mental illnesses (Niemiec, 2010)
One might not be able to relate to an alien hunter on a foreign planet, but one can find commonality in feelings of fear, pride, stress, and the like. For example, one television family, or crime show, relayed to millions of viewers implies the basics of human behavior -- some of which are considered acceptable or "normal" (Polce-Lynch, 2001)
22% said Obama was approximately the same. A 43% plurality said that they preferred Obama's handling of the presidential office (Jones, 2011)
Among those polled who said the United States is going in the wrong direction, 43% possessed a favorable opinion of the Obama. This was 10 points higher than his job approval rating among that group (Wyatt, 2004)
294), but successful companies will have to create "talent-friendly environments." Critical Thinking Question: Does Rupert Murdoch's powerful News Corporation have an agenda beyond a basic profit motive? Critical Thinking Answer: It appears that Murdoch has a bullish wish to gain power in sports (he bought the Los Angeles Dodgers for $300 million and has Fox Sports producing regional games nationwide) (Wolf 104-108) and politics
The theory of reinforcement saved media from the on-going criticism. It supported the view that media depicts an aspect, what the viewer learns from the aspect is largely the matter of his perception and attitude (Akers, 2009)
It was named as aggressive cues theory. It was presented by Berkowitz in 1965 (Baron & Richardson, 2004)
Each scholar has his own views. The early Catharsis theory was in favor of the negativity shown on media (Bushman & Philips, 2002)
5) The experiences Rappaport describes - not only buying, but looking at, trying out, comparing and considering commodities remain a central part of the appeal of shopping as an entertainment or leisure pursuit. They are among the characteristics that distinguish 'going shopping' from 'doing the shopping'; it is the former that gives the scope for such recreational activities by being open-ended, pleasurable, and not directed towards the end of provisioning, whereas the latter carries the associations of obligation and routine (Falk and Campbell, p
This reflects the emphasis on providing an environment conducive to both the act of shopping and to the association of shopping with pleasant, positive, and unchallenging feelings and experiences. The malls themselves are sold as sights in their own right, with guidebooks, tours and gifts; some have become 'tourist destinations, complete with tour guides and souvenirs' (Goss, p
18). This is not new - the chain stores and department stores of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century used their buildings, illuminated and decorated, 'as their own best advertisement' (Jackson et al
For many contemporary large-scale shopping centers, leisure and entertainment are as important as, and are thoroughly integrated with, their retail activities. The combining of shopping with entertainment has been recognized in the cumbersome term 'shoppertainment' (Lamancusa)
So, if 'Creating an entertaining in-store environment that delights and encourages repeat visits and planned spending at each visit is what retail brands and consumer products companies in Europe are increasingly aiming to do' (Stewart-Allen), what does the blending of shopping and entertainment involve? Where do the promoters of 'shoppertainment' believe the entertainment of shopping lies? The phenomenon of shopping as entertainment is not in itself a new thing. During the nineteenth century the new department and chain stores sought to encourage custom by providing for shopping itself to be a pleasurable experience; appealing particularly to bourgeois women, shops capitalized on the attractions and facilities of the urban environment of which they were part, benefited from modern transport networks and technologies such as elevators and electric lighting - which 'served to transform department stores into city centre evening magnets' (Lancaster, p
102). In the past 'going shopping' has been identified with the high street and, increasingly, the mall, and has been associated with such commodities as clothes, shoes, personal care products, decorative items and consumer goods, while 'doing the shopping' has been associated with supermarkets suggests the necessary purchase of food and drink, washing up liquid, and other such mundane items (Miller, 10-11)
The acquisition of commodities was considered enjoyable, but it was only one of the many pleasures of shopping. (Rappaport, p
21). The result is what one critic has called 'an amusement society of extraordinary consumer carnivals that are located in malls' (Shields, p
The benefits of the 'shoppertainment' approach are clear: it encourages customers and potential customers to come to the mall instead of going somewhere else, to spend longer there, to spend more money there than they might otherwise have done, and to come back again. So, if 'Creating an entertaining in-store environment that delights and encourages repeat visits and planned spending at each visit is what retail brands and consumer products companies in Europe are increasingly aiming to do' (Stewart-Allen), what does the blending of shopping and entertainment involve? Where do the promoters of 'shoppertainment' believe the entertainment of shopping lies? The phenomenon of shopping as entertainment is not in itself a new thing