In "Frankenstein," Wollstonecraft also creates a character that at first only hopes to way home with his family. He states, " "Travelling, and the cares of a family, occupied my time" (Shelley 8)
Both of these works use family ties, and the lack of them, to perpetuate their own distinct views on the Enlightenment movement, an intellectual movement prevalent in the 18th century, when both of these writers were working and creating. Swift wrote a succinct analysis of the movement in another essay, "Thus God and Nature link'd the gen'ral frame, And bade Self-love and Social be the same" (Swift and Williams 71)
" The general will is the collective rights of the civil society bestowed upon by an individual, who is to represent the citizenry in the decision-making process of ensuring peace and order in the society. In effect, the social contract becomes a vehicle through which the state and its citizenship are formed, where there is a new avenue for social reforms to be proposed and enacted by the society (Kagan, 1995:665-6)
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment Scientific Revolution is considered as the process by which "new ideas and methods of science challenged modes of thought associated with medieval times and Scholasticism" (Kagan, 1995:514)
Another important individual who had made significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution is Isaac Newton, whose subsistence to empiricism allowed him to establish the laws governing the force of gravity, another discovery that illustrates how empirical thinking leads to the acquisition of new knowledge and intellectual development. The Enlightenment period, which flourished during the 17th century, is defined as the gradual shift of societies from traditional-agricultural to modern-industrial, as well as the rise of natural and social sciences as the domains in which truth and knowledge can be discovered and obtained, respectively (Preston, 1997:31)
23). Geyl & Renier, viewing an ordinary day in the life of Napoleon suggest that before anything else Napoleon was concerned with possessing equality and restoring order and presenting the public with a victorious and likeable leader concerned with the best interests of the people of France (Geyl & Renier, 1949:23)
Dunham (1955) examines a large larger portion of Frances history, but particularly with regard to the time frame of 1948 and immediately thereafter suggests that the ideology that ruled France was again one of struggle. Dunham describes France as slow to adopt the industrial revolution, and suggests that the country was focusing on petty political matters, and that though France did adopt a considerable amount of industry due to the revolution, it did not do so "at the expense of agriculture" and the extent of commercial development within France during this time "was never so striking as to constitute what one might call a commercial revolution" (Dunham, 1955:421)
The author points out the works of well noted individuals in the field including Delaroix, Musset, Victor Hugo and August Comte. However, though Evans acknowledges that the period in France might be recognized as one of great achievement from a cultural perspective, he does also acknowledge that the country was dominated also by political uncertainty (Evans, 1951:2)
He suggest that the nation at the time was in a dynamic and changing state, where culture was shifting to meet the needs of a changing society, where society was leaning more on artistic beauty and realities to find satisfaction in life and address basic human needs. Hemming suggest that the leaders living in France after 1848 particularly in the aftermath of the 1848 revolution found themselves in control of their destiny depending on whether or not they had the backing of public opinion (Hemmings, 1987:2)
France however was not at a stagnant point in time during this period. But rather the revolutions that had occurred had enabled the establishment of a more liberal albeit not entirely democratic state of affairs (Kranzberg, 1959)
Specifically the author examines the period of time from June of 1848 to June of 1849. The dominating ideology of this time was of revolution; Marx suggested that revolution or the attempt to overthrow the bourgeois society was the main thrust of idealism and political fervor that dominated the country at the time (Marx, 1964:60)
Linda Baumgarten writes that before the Revolution colonists "wanted clothes of quality and of the newest fashion. They tried to exert control over what they received by giving specific instructions" to the seamstresses in England (even sending along "textile swatches for color or pattern); but the "judgment of the British factor was the final arbiter of taste" (Baumgarten, 2002, p
" British theories were examined critically by the colonists and they became aware they were "being exploited"; hence, they began to feel like Americans rather than as British subjects. Moreover, as the number of Germans, Scotch-Irish and Africans arrived in the colonies, the population of the colonies became "…less English and more cosmopolitan" and hence, some colonists began to "…envision themselves as part of a distinct community of Americans" (Bilhartz, et al
The author asserts that values related to democracy -- including separation of powers (executive, legislative and judicial) -- derived from the French philosopher Montesquieu, prominent in the French Enlightenment. Professor Robert Morse Crunden -- with the University of Texas -- explained that because of the Enlightenment's impact on America, "Educated men revolted against the irrationality and violence of post-Reformation Europe" (Crunden, 1996, p
THREE: Lifestyles of American Colonists (less British, more American), etc. The rejection of English aristocracy and autocracy is well-known, and this was the spark that lit the fires of Revolution; indeed, the sense of separation colonists experienced (after 1776) was "…schizophrenic, characterized on the one hand by violent rejection of English tyranny…and on the other by acute nostalgia for their English culture" (Fisher, 2001, p
Zafirovski offered that assertion because "…in association with…economic and political revolutions implementing or expressing its ideas, it ushered in liberal-democratic modernity as its child" (67). TWO: Puritan families -- roles, beliefs, values, and the teaching of children The Puritan clergy preached Calvinist beliefs in salvation but they allowed individuals to "…scrutinize their own souls for signs of God's grace" (Grigg, et al
98). Thomas Jefferson "and his circle" believed (based on the Enlightenment) that "all mankind was of one species" and that mankind "in general" was perfectly capable of "indefinite improvement" (Horsman, 98)
¶ … Enlightenment on American Culture and Political Life The impact that the Enlightenment had on American culture is significant. In fact the American society that "evolved and is dominant today -- including the democratic ideals, capitalism and the scientific method -- all "derive from the Enlightenment ideals formulated in England" (Jandt, 2007, p
These roles became more flexible when both husband and wife were challenged by weather, war, or injuries; getting the immediate tasks done that involved survival and sustainability in a physical sense required both genders to pitch in without regard to social status. English professor Leland Ryken writes that as to the raising of children, the husband was the "hierarchy of authority" but that didn't mean the wife was his servant; in fact the husband was to be obeyed "…only if he can support his viewpoint from the Bible" (Ryken, 2010)
One aspect of English culture that was not rejected was the language. Meanwhile professor emeritus from Northern Virginia Community College, Henry Sage, explains that the colonists did not question the fact that they represented the British Empire, that they were subjects of the Crown, "until shortly before the American Revolution" (Sage, 2010, p