Ensuring effective communication between the school and the parents is essential in order to meet the child's educational needs and goals. The first and most important thing that schools can do is to establish an atmosphere that encourages growth in cultural responsiveness, sensitivity, and appreciation that entices ESL parents to participate in school meetings and other important school functions (Logsdon, 2009)
Prejudice is not merely imparted or superimposed. It is metabolized into the bloodstream of society" (Moore 474)
e. those learning English as a second language, have many struggles they face (Casper & Theilheimer, 2009)
Overview The main cause of the diverse ability is simply culture and geography. Many aboriginal people live more rurally or in villages or groups with others like them (Epstein, 2009)
Many aboriginal people live more rurally or in villages or groups with others like them (Epstein, 2009). They speak their own language and have their own culture that is not completely separate from the more common societal culture but that is still different enough to be significant (Kato & Ozaki, 2002)
Rather than simply drilling memorized facts, words or phrases into a student's consciousness-as is the case with a memory-based curriculum-teachers in a standards based, student-centered curriculum are responsible for helping students to apply such knowledge to practical situations for social success, over and above academic success. References English as a Second Language. (2010)
Standards-Based Curriculum for English Language as a Second Language Standards-Based Curriculum for English Language as a Second Language According to Farah and Ridge, authors of Challenges to Curriculum Development in the UAE, " the term curriculum can be said to encompass the principles, underlying educational philosophy, goals, content and concrete functioning of the 'instructional program' in the classroom, as well as the written and other materials needed to support the educational system" (Farah and Ridge, 2009)
If students are not taught to apply memorized knowledge to practical situations, this knowledge is of little use to them in the real world, which in turn is discouraging to students. Indeed, the crux of standards-based curriculum is the belief that students "construct their own understanding through their experiences with [practical] problems and discussions with teachers, parents, and peers," and that they are "naturally driven to use their current knowledge and understanding to make sense of situations and to work toward accurate and efficient problem solving" (Goldsmith, Mark and Kantrov, 2005)
The teacher's use of the children's first language is limited primarily to clarification of English instruction, and most students are mainstreamed after 2 or 3 years (Rennie, 2004). Some experts disagree with ESL pull-out and believe that total immersion into the English language helps children learn the language better (Hawkins, 2001)
The effectiveness of various program models for language minority students remains the subject of controversy. Although there may be reasons to claim the superiority of one program model over another in certain situations, a variety of programs can be effective (Rennie, 2004)
Young people in school are often faced with new and important decisions to make and problems to solve. School is oftentimes the place where "children learn how to make use of internal and external sources to solve problems" (Arslan, 2010, p
Body positions, hand gestures, facial expressions and eye movements are all part of the communication process. As an example, "eye gaze can be used as a cue to the speaker's communicative intention, and help a child infer the meaning of a word" (Baldwin, 2000)
Another website described communicative language teaching using almost the exact opposite phraseology by stating "most groups are enthusiastic about the lesson opportunities which CLT offers. However, some also indicated they felt constrained by the system under which they operated, especially those teaching in settings which are particularly exam-focused" (Belchamber, 2007)
Instead, CLT provides the students the classroom opportunity to have conversations and discussions using the target language. Studies have shown that the communicative language translation method of teaching allows for a much stronger relationship between the teacher and the student, and even though this relationship might be strong, there is even a stronger relationship "between an individual's language and their personal and ethnic identity (which) has received general acceptance and substantial support within social science literature" (Bishop, 2008, p
Communication and culture There are different methods for communicating depending on which culture the person is raised or comfortable in. In a recent book on cultural communications, Bowe and Martin state that even though speakers who are communicating interculturally typically do so using one single language, each individual usually brings to the table their own cultural expectations based on their understanding of the language (Bowe, Martin, 2007)
Australian Education and Culture The Australian educational system has recently undergone some heralded changes that have marked inclusion of all students. A 2008 report found that the newly elected 'liberal' government's educational focus was to emphasize the fact that "social inclusion must be a core responsibility for all institutions that accept public funding, irrespective of history and circumstances" (Bradley, Noonan, Nugent, Scales, 2008, p
That's not to say that religious educational systems are any better or worse than other educational systems, but the Middle East is also well-known for its low quality of education. One recent study determined that the "low quality of education is a primary concern and one of the greatest challenges facing education and government leaders across the region" (Chapman, Miric, 2009, p
In a recent book on cultural communications, Bowe and Martin state that even though speakers who are communicating interculturally typically do so using one single language, each individual usually brings to the table their own cultural expectations based on their understanding of the language (Bowe, Martin, 2007). Another study determined that the "important starting point in thinking about 'culture', in the context of intercultural communication, is the amount of baggage carried by generalized differences between national cultures" (Durant, Shepherd, 2009, p
So, at least according to their words, the Australians are making some serious changes to their educational system, and many of these changes on the higher level have been badly needed for some time. A recent report showed that "Only three Australian universities appear in the top 100 -- The Australian National University, The University of Melbourne and The University of Sydney -- and even then in the second half of that pack" (Gale, 2011, p
This approach has been in existence for a number of years and it has been commonly used for a number of language development courses. One recent study confirms the approach, stating; "the vast majority of language development studies have relied on written transcripts of the speech young children hear around them" (Goodrich, Kam, 2009, p