The second stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt specifically corresponds to early childhood years and involves the acquirement of an amplified sense of control, the challenge encompassing control of body functions, choice of toys, food and clothing (Berger 2005)
1%) involved children under age six. Almost half (42.6%) involved infants under one year" (Chalk 2002)
Statistics point out that directly or indirectly abused children are 11 times more likely to get arrested for a violent crime as a juvenile and 2.7 times more likely to be arrested for a violent crime as an adult (English 2004)
Early trauma destroys the child's sense of security, bringing forth as later effect a debilitating lack of trust in later interpersonal relationships. In this sense, the formerly abused adult may prove resilient, antisocial, shallow or emotionally aloof when interacting with other people (Golden 2009)
Loss of the ability to modulate intensity of feelings is, in fact, the most far-reaching effect of early trauma and neglect. This severe right-brain attachment pathology also "plays a major part in the etiologies of a high risk for both posttraumatic stress disorder and a predisposition to relational violence"(Schore 2001)
, 2002). While less is known about the effect of violence in the media and its potential to contribute to violent crimes, the studies thus far have found that there is a relationship between violence in the media and violent crime (Escobar-Chaves & Anderson, 2008)
73). As with other types of violence in the media, there are some groups of young people who are at distinctly higher risk of experiencing these adverse outcomes, including (a) young people who have already been injured by gunfire, (b) young people who witness gunplay first-hand as well as (c) young people who are exposed to violence in the media (Garbardino et al
428). In fact, empirical observations from educators confirm that young people frequently lack the ability to fully comprehend the implications of the violence they are mimicking on other children (Levin & Carlsson-Paige, 2002)
Also, the role that emotional development plays in lifestyle choices and changes that occur in adulthood will be addressed. Development in young adulthood One of the most comprehensive theories of emotional development in early adulthood was postulated by Erikson (Carver & Scheier, 1996)
There are theories of mate selection that attempt to explain the psychological and environmental bases for picking one partner over another. The psychoanalytic theory of mate selection entails that individuals choose intimate and romantic partners that have similar qualities to their opposite-sex parents (Geher, 2000)
The perceptions and values that individuals have of intimacy, and their intimate partners, are important for the comprehension of the relationship between intimacy and development. Research has indicated that ideologies of femininity and romantic love are influential in women's romantic relationships and their leisure time (Herridge et al
Early adulthood is characterized by the development of intimacy, which is necessary for the establishment of any committed relationship. Intimacy is a multidimensional concept that has different definitions and implications depending on the individuals involved (Hook et al
These findings could lead to further investigation of whether the phenomena exhibited is due to innate or environmental factors. Another mate-selection model, entitled the Pair Attraction Inventory, is based upon six basic types of unconscious mate choices (Kellerman, 1977)
A cross-cultural gender analysis of the romantic behaviors of university students was conducted by Quiles (2003). This researcher discovered that "respondents in Puerto Rico showed less discrepancy among their rankings of romantic behaviors, whereas the United States respondents exhibited more discrepancy among their rankings (Quiles, 2003)
Overall, it may be concluded that intimacy is a necessary component for health and well-being during the developmental stage of early adulthood and beyond. Intimacy also has demonstrated importance in relation to satisfaction in sexual relationships (Sprecher, 2002)
These three components are conceptualized by Sternberg as a 'love triangle', which has passion, intimacy, and commitment as the three vertices. Passion is defined as the motivations that result in romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation, among other factors (Sternberg, 1986)
Isolation; (7) Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation; (8) Old Age: Integrity vs. Despair (Dundy, 1976)
. processes that involve changes in an individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotion, and changes in personality" (Santrock, 2001:338)
Other studies link antisocial behaviors in youth to exposure to violence, either in the home or in the community (Schiff, 2003). Other studies have demonstrated that harsh parenting skills tend to be passed on from generation to generation within families (Conger, 2003) and that these entrenched family behaviors tend to contribute to antisocial, aggressive behavior in the children of those families
The research shows some specific factors that interfere with socialization and create an environment where children can develop aggressive tendencies or other antisocial behavior. Discipline described as over-reactive has been connected to children who develop overt, or externalizing, behavioral problems (Lorber, 2003)