Electricity Sources for your Essay

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


For instance, Ruiz-Martinez, Sanchez-Martinez, Martinez-Montesinos and Gomez-Skarmeta (2007) note that among these innovations include the ability to download information, send e-mail and instant messaging, use video telephony, and so forth. These authors add that in recent years, the "computation and storage capabilities offered by these handsets have been improved considerably in order to provide these advanced features" (Ruiz-Martinez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


48). This approach is consistent with the guidance provided by numerous researchers who emphasize the need to review what is known about a given topic before developing conclusions and formulating opinions (Neuman 2003)

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


Table 1 Comparison of Power Density of Energy Harvesting Methods Energy Source Power Density & Performance Source of Information Acoustic Noise 0.003 ?W/ 0.96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


4 mJ cm-3 Current size Integrated Macro Macro Problems Very high voltage and need of adding charge source Very low output voltages Low output voltages A comparison of piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic energy with respect to their respective viability for energy harvesting, their typical characteristics, operating principles and areas of operations is provided in Table 4 below. Table 4 Comparison of Piezoelectric, Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Energy Sources Piezoelectric Energy Electrostatic Energy Electromagnetic Energy Viability for energy harvesting Piezoelectric ceramics can transform a mechanical stimulus into an electric charge (Stix & Lacob 1999, p

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


The most striking feature of this method is its IC-compatible nature, given that MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical system) variable capacitors are fabricated through relatively well-known silicon micro-machining techniques (Yildiz 2009). Techniques to increase the induced voltage include using a transformer, increasing the number of turns of the coil, or increasing the permanent magnetic field (Torres & Rincon-Mora 2005)

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


Clearly, identifying new devices for a potential market of several billion or so consumers is a worthwhile enterprise. In this regard, one of the common features of all such mobile devices is the need for battery power, and while technical innovations have also improved the life of batteries in recent years (Ukens 2001), this ongoing requirement for power represents a fundamental fly in the mobile device ointment, an issues that also represents the focus of this study which is discussed further below

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al

Marketing a Human-Powered Electricity Generating


96 ?W/ (Rabaey, Ammer, Da Silva Jr., Patel, & Roundy, 2000) Temperature Variation 10 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Steingart, Frechette, Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Ambient Radio Frequency 1 ?W/cm2 (Yeatman, 2004) Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun) 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office) (Yildiz 2009) Thermoelectric 60 _W/cm2 (Stevens, 1999) Vibration (micro generator) 4 _W/cm3 (human motion -- Hz) 800 _W/cm3 (machines -- kHz) (Mitcheson, Green, Yeatman, & Holmes, 2004) Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 ?W/cm3 (Roundy, Wright, & Pister, 2002) Airflow 1 ?W/cm2 (Holmes, 2004) Push buttons 50 _J/N (Paradiso & Feldmeier, 2001) Shoe Inserts 330 ?W/cm2 (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) Hand generators 30 W/kg (Starner & Paradiso, 2004) Heel strike 7 W/cm2 (Yaglioglu, 2002) (Shenck & Paradiso, 2001) The stated values in Table 1 above were based on data presented in archived studies, textbooks, as well as empirical research conducted by Yildez et al