" (Prescott and Le Poire, 2002) The work of Francis and Birch (2005) entitled: "Maternal Influences on Daughters' Restrained Eating Behavior" reports a study in which the perception of mothers' preoccupation with their own weight and eating was examined and found to be linked to their daughters' restrained eating behavior. (Francis and Birch, 2005, paraphrased) Participants in the study included 173 non-Hispanic, white mother-daughter dyads, measured longitudinally when daughter were ages 5, 7, 9, and 11
Findings in the study report: (1) A significant correlation was observed in the distribution of dieting behavior groups between the mothers and their daughters; (2) The scores for dieting behavior of the mothers whose daughters were classified into the Ex-D group were significantly higher in several question items compared with those of the mothers whose daughters were classified into the N-D group; (3) the scores for eating consciousness of the mothers whose daughters were classified in the Ex-D group were significantly lower for the item; and (4) the number of experiences of conversation with daughters about diet for the mothers whose daughter were in the Ex-D group was significantly higher than that for the mothers whose daughters were classified into the N-D group. (Hirokane, Tokumura, Kimura, and Saito, 2005) The dieting behavior of mothers, as well as eating consciousness and the number of conversations that they had with their daughters concerning diet is demonstrated to have had an influence on the dieting behaviors in their junior high school daughters" indicating that proper education of mothers is needed for prevention of eating disorders in junior high daughters
" (2007) Included in this category were factors of "high ambitions, perfectionism, and compulsory traits." (Nilsson, Abrahamsson, Torbiornsson and Hagglof, 2007) Nilsson, Abrahamsson, Torbiornsson and Hagglof report that the answers in the second follow-up were "more reflective and complex and there were more answers about family causes
psychological, biological and cultural explanations." (Prescott and Le Poire, 2002) An aspect of disordered eating that is stated to have been relatively unexplored is "the mechanism that perpetuates the disordered eating behaviors once they have begun
Two predictions are characteristic of learning theory including: (1) eating disorders are more common where people receive exposure to images of people who are thin and that being thin connotes attractiveness; (2) eating disorder symptoms are more prevalent in places that individuals have the opportunity to learn more about these disorders of eating. (Sammons, nd, paraphrased) Another theory of eating disorders is that of 'brain theory' of eating disorders
before puberty there appear to be virtually no significant relationships between mothers' and daughters' eating attitudes and behaviors." (Sanftner, 1993) However, as the girls progressed through puberty "some relationships begin to emerge between mothers' weight preoccupation, dieting, and bulimic behaviors and their daughters' dieting and drive for thinness
" Second, the media has given a lot more coverage to eating disorders, which could actually enhance their appeal to some women. Author Sing Lee writes, "Mass media have repeatedly informed the public of rising trends of excessive weight control behavior, cases of women who died from untreated eating disorders, and celebrities who recovered from anorexia nervosa" (Lee, 2001, p
They do not see reality, and obsess about being fat, even when they are almost skeletons. In older girls and women, anorexia can also affect monthly menstrual cycles, causing them to disappear (Smolak, Levine, and Striegel-Moore xvi)
Eating disorders have effect on women of all ages and of all socio-economic groups and are not, which are restricted to the young women of middle and upper class western society. (Posavac, 1998) But in comparison it is the teenagers who are the most affected as a result of the media influences
But in reality these body figures are unattainable to a majority of women. (Chang, 1998) Since women who follow these advertisements will consider themselves as not good-looking
Other effects of body disorder would include heart troubles namely death due to heart failure as a result of bradycardia or slow heart rate, and from kidney failure, caused by severe dehydration and low blood pressure. (Aguinaldo, 1993) Recently scientists have now found out that people with bulimia which denotes binge eating followed by vomiting or over exercising, and anorexia, which follow a s a result of eating disorders seem to have serotonin, a brain chemical which is associated with changes in moods and emotions, circulating in their brains in reduced quantities than is required
Advertisers and women's magazines and fashion magazines portray the image that women who eat food are those who give into temptation and are bad, and dieting or starving is good and should be encouraged at all cost. (Kilbourne, 1994) Thus food is considered as the enemy of today's women and it is considered as increasing fat in not only women who suffer severe eating disorders but almost all women face this fear
Women after seeing models and their ideal body tend to have dissatisfactions with their own body. (Wilcox, 1994) They consider their bodies as being over-sized and they feel discomfort with their own body
These uncover pressures from those surrounding the patient that were inappropriate which might trigger bulimic response. Some of the results of such studies showed that the Maudsley program worked better and resulted in more bulimia recoveries than did other forms of support through psychotherapy alone (LeGrange, Crosby, Rathouz and Leventhal, 2007)
Ancient Romans occasionally gorged on food and vomited afterwards. Many religious saints deprived themselves of food as a means of self-abnegation, and anorexia was sometimes called "wasting disease" between the 17th-19th centuries (Deans, 2011)
Biological Basis: There is some controversy over whether there is a biological basis for any of the three major eating disorders. Recent research shows that a hormone called estradiol has been indicted in some adolescent female cases of eating disorders (Grohol, 2010)
It is not uncommon to encounter individuals who initially met the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, then those of bulimia nervosa and now have a mixed state. Technically speaking, they have had three distinct psychiatric disorders (anorexia nervosa, then bulimia nervosa and now eating disorder NOS), whereas both common sense and the individual's subjective experience suggest that they have had a single eating disorder that has evolved over time" (Fairburn & Cooper 2011)
There emerged a pattern of healthy self-concept for the 11 women who improved as they exhumed confidence during their interview, independence was perceived of them and had great levels of success not only in their relationships but also their jobs. For the other 10 female participants who remained at risk, their relationships were perceived to be anxious, dissatisfaction was conveyed in the independence aspect, and the females conveyed insecurity and a weakened self-esteem (Hesse-Biber, Marino and Watts-Roy, 1999)
However, the outcomes of this depression can be grave. Research studies indicate that individuals suffering from anorexia have a 50 times more likelihood, compared to the overall population, of dying due to suicide out of depression (Jaret, 2015)
On the other hand, a strong suit of the study is that the clinical effect of low self-esteem is taken into consideration. The study showed the significance of making an attempt to treat low self-confidence in combination with weight restoration so as to lessen the patients' fear of gaining weight (Karpowicz et al