And that dreams are pleasurable. This variety too is reflected in the neuro-physiological domain (Nir & Giuilo, 2010)
The Bible, also at the same time cites instances of contradictory views with Abimelech being spoken to by God as can be seen in the First Testament (Genesis 20:6) as also with Josephin as described in New Testament's first book itself Matthew, 1:20). The exact opposite that there is nothing divine in the occurrence of a dream can be seen both by Solomon (Ecclesiastes5:7) and Jeremiah (23:25-32) (Chara, 2014)
At the same time, "being sleep deprived, stressed, drugged or physically exhausted" can cause hallucinations that make up for a lack of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep stages (Hurd 1). Not all mental illnesses include arousal disorders, as unipolar depression may inhibit cohesive and well developed dreams altogether (Cartwright, Baehr, Kirkby, Pandi-Perumal and Kabat)
Whether or not dreaming less often correlates with reduced symptomology of clinical depression remains to be seen. It is important to pay attention to the link between dreams and mental illness because of the correlations between suicidality and sleep disturbances as well as the known link between antidepressant medications and suicidal ideation (Cukrowicz et al
Depending on the severity of the clinical depression, the dreams will be affected. Some depressed individuals have dreams that parallel their flattened emotional affect, with "bland" dreams (DeKoninck 160)
In The Dream Drugstore, Hobson suggests that the Freud-based theories of dream interpretation and psychoanalysis are wrong in that they suggest binaries between dream and waking state, neuroses and health. In reality, "dreaming, dissociative states, psychosis, and drug-induced hallucinations" are all "functions of brain chemistry and that replaces the psychodynamic view of dreams," (Diamond 90)
Just as dream analysis and proactive dream therapy can be used for the general population, there is also evidence suggesting that dream therapy can be an important component of clinical therapy for those who suffer from mental illnesses of all types. "People who suffer with mental illness often also have arousal disorders, which can increase the likelihood of hallucinations at sleep onset, and may increase the chance to have a lucid dream due to increased awakenings throughout the night," (Hurd 1)
Just as dream analysis and proactive dream therapy can be used for the general population, there is also evidence suggesting that dream therapy can be an important component of clinical therapy for those who suffer from mental illnesses of all types. "People who suffer with mental illness often also have arousal disorders, which can increase the likelihood of hallucinations at sleep onset, and may increase the chance to have a lucid dream due to increased awakenings throughout the night," (Hurd 1)
There are some disorders that reveal the intimate and complex connection between brain, mind, and body. For example, isolated sleep paralysis (ISP) has been commonly confused with some types of mental illness because of the link between ISP and night terrors (Nielsen and Zadra)
The difference between depression cycle and manic cycle sleep and dream phenomena reveals how the brain manifests different dreams at different times, potentially in line with neurochemical and neurobiological changes. "People with bipolar disorder have extra-vivid dreams and an inordinate number of nightmares or other sleeping disorders," (Purse 1)
In any case, patients taking medications to treat their mood disorders might also experience changes in their dreaming patterns. For example, patients taking anti-depressants, and in particular, tricyclics, remember their dreams less often than people who are not taking these medications to treat depression (Schimelpfening)
Peter Handke tries to give an account of a misfortune that has recently occurred, and this is why the feeling is all the more strange and puzzling, because the author is still under the initial impact of the event, that is, he is not just distantly recollecting it: It's been almost seven weeks since mother died and I want to take up the courage to start working, before this strong need I feel to write about her, that was so strong at the funeral, will be lost again in the soul-destroying lack of words that was my reaction to her loss." (Handke, 5) The need to talk about the suicide that marked him as a confusing event is collides with the wordlessness that he is experiences as a writer in the face of an event that affects him personally
Freud is widely renowned as the "father" of psychoanalysis and his interest in dreams and the potential for dreams to reveal unconscious desires provided a framework for his investigations into the dream state. Freud believed that dreams are the manifestation of hidden fulfillments for repressed wishes (Freud, 1900)
Carl Jung Carl Jung, Freud's protegee, differed with Freud concerning the meaning of dreams. Jung believed that dreams were messages to the conscious delivered to provide a balance for the individual during waking hours (Robbins, 1988)
116). As such, manifest content represents the collection of thoughts, images and content in the dream, while the latent content represents the hidden, or repressed, meaning of the dream (Spanjaard, 1969)
, 2004). The researchers concluded that the brain, given the opportunity to enter REM sleep, is able to "search out new associations or novel approaches to problem solving rather than simply performing a resting process" (Todman, 2008, pg
However, Willy could never fact the fact that he was a failure and so he continues to live a lie. He tells his family that one day he will "get an advance, and I'll come home with a New York job" (Miller II
To date, conclusions about the role of sleep have been based on observation of the physical and psychological consequences of sleep deprivation (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008). Without sufficient sleep, human beings become extremely distressed, they experience a tremendous decline in both cognitive and physical capacity, and often suffer psychological breakdown (Brody, 2007)
Generally, human beings sleep approximately one-third of their lives during the darkness of night and human infants sleep more than twice as much as adults. To date, conclusions about the role of sleep have been based on observation of the physical and psychological consequences of sleep deprivation (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008)
Research into selective deprivation only of REM sleep cycles but not overall sleep strongly suggest that whatever the importance of sleep is, REM sleep is especially significant and necessary (Siegel, 2005). Contemporary research into the possible function of sleep suggest that during sleep, memories are strengthened and various important hormones (such as human growth hormone) are released, triggered by the minute structures within the eye that signal the pituitary and pineal glands to increase production in darkness (Lamond, Dorrian, Roach, et al