Considering that the individuals who have depicted the same symptoms are over 20, it is obvious that there is a common causative agent of the undefined illness. In determining outbreaks, comparison of the present numbers of incidences with the past ones over one time is done (Committee on Communicable Diseases Affecting Man, Food Subcommittee, 1988)
org/cgi/content/full/84/12/4379)." Causes of Gigantism Gigantism is caused by an excessive amount growth hormone (GH) being secreted by the pituitary (Simmons, 1999)
The SOCS act as 'negative regulators' that suppress the hormones responsible for cell growth. Since then, research has shown the regulating the activity of SOCS could 'turn on' or 'turn off' the hormones that influence obesity, gigantism or dwarfism, was well as strengthening the body's immune response to disease (Skatssoon, 2002)
Secondly, he deals with the philosophical issue of whether or not it is moral for the federal, state and local governments to make a product legal (and an addictive at that) and then to punish and vilify its users with special, discriminatory smoking excise taxes on that product. Based upon his study, there is simply no difference between the health costs coming from normal medical maladies and those that have been caused by the smoking habit (Auld, 2011)
This is the most prevalent among the teenage population. For every 10% increase in the purchase price of a pack of cigarettes, the youth smoking rates overall dropped about 7% (Peterson et
The study found that this included the subpopulations with the highest smoking rates as well. It was shown in the article that smoking rates among pregnant women are responsive to tax hikes (Ringel, & Evans, 2001, 1855)
These estimates were largely based upon the figures that went back two decades that were developed by analysts working for the states that comprising estimates of state-specific costs for use at trial or in settlement discussions. The medical costs of smoking in the United States equal and may also well exceed the most commonly referenced figure of 6 -- 8% of the general population in the country at large (Warner, Hodgson & Carroll, 1999, 290-291)
The foregoing facts make arguments in support of requiring smokers to pay even more appear spurious on their face, but there is more involved in the analysis than first meets the eye and these issues are discussed further below with respect to the second-hand smoke generated by smokers. Second-Hand Smoke and Health Care Costs Even though many tobacco companies have known about the harmful effects of smoking for more than a half century and other research has confirmed these suspicions for more than 40 years, the potential adverse health effects of so-called "second-hand smoke" have only come to light relatively recently (Cox & Foster, 2011)
In fact, despite the growing body of evidence that smoking causes a wide array of healthcare problems and further exacerbates numerous others, a new group of smokers emerges and the costs that are associated with treating them continue to escalate (Sunstein, 2004). Indeed, each year, more than one million people in the United States develop smoking-related illnesses and more than 400,000 eventually die from these healthcare problems (Daynard & Barr, 1999)
Although actuarial tables exist that help calculate the value of a lost life, these calculations fail to take into account the diminished productivity and quality of life issues that second-hand smoke causes, especially since the actual costs that are involved are unclear. Therefore, even though just a minority (approximately 28%) of Americans currently smoke, a majority of Americans continue to be exposed to the second-hand smoke they produce (Russell, 1999)
Current Funding Mechanisms for Smoker Health Care According to Daynard and Barr (1999), since the mid-20th century, the big tobacco companies have engaged in a veritable conspiracy to hide the real truth about the dangers of smoking in ways that have helped recruit new generations of smokers. In fact, despite the growing body of evidence that smoking causes a wide array of healthcare problems and further exacerbates numerous others, a new group of smokers emerges and the costs that are associated with treating them continue to escalate (Sunstein, 2004)
The results of an early federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) study showed that based on the significant excise taxes that are paid by smokers when they purchase tobacco products, smokers actually pay more than the costs of the individual health care (Daynard & Barr, 1999). Moreover, some authorities even argue that the manner in which Medicaid payments are subsidized by smokers even violates the Social Security Act by forcing them to pay what amounts to extra premiums into the federal health care system through heavy excise taxes on tobacco (Traylor, 2010)
Smokers can abstain from smoking if they wish to. Self-efficacy is essential "Analysis shows that the intention to stop smoking was dependent not only on the perceived health benefits but also on the subject's confidence that hey would succeed if they tried to stop… When the follow-up data are considered, reported attempts to quitting were strongly related to previously declared intentions " (Eiser et al
considering the influence culture and social practices could have upon the behavior." (Srinivasan & Tara, 2001, 68) Addiction to smoking has been frequently attributed to biological causes and has, therefore, been said to be indeterminsitic and something that individuals cannot so readily stop without costly medical help
Basically, the hypothesis postulates that CVDs in later life could be a direct consequence of small birth size. Here, poor maternal nutrition and other intrauterine influence considered adverse informs the development of a number of birth size deformities including a smaller head circumference or low weight at birth (Reddy and Yusuf 1998)
If such incentives can be quantified, it may be possible to get the cooperation of both government and the private sector. With regards to smoking culture and creating a public health awareness related to respiratory illness, it will also require a thorough cultural transformation that is difficult to effect due to the complex primary, secondary, and tertiary forces (Kent, 2008)
Through socializing and social support, these patients will also have the energy to venture outside home and reach out to their family members or friends for help. As an important part of the process, the article states that positive people and supportive relationships are crucial for patients with respiratory diseases (Limberg, 2013)
Evaluation: This article presents effective ways for managing respiratory or chronic lung diseases because the suggestions are based on the major components of rehabilitation programs for these diseases. Each of these recommendations fall within the components of exercise, emotional support, medical management, and nutrition counseling, which are the bases of pulmonary rehabilitation for respiratory diseases (Smith, 2009)
Consequently, several teams of conservation biologists and veterinarians are involved in global initiatives medical doctors, other clinical professionals, and epidemiologists to understand the ecology of disease. Since new infectious diseases continue to emerge at alarming and historically unprecedented rates, the world is still at great risks of emerging human and ecological infectious pandemics and epidemics (Gutierrez, 2009)
Hendra and Nipah viruses are closely linked in terms of henipah virus and originated with fruit bats, which are messy eaters. These bats usually hang upside down similar to Dracula that are bound tightly in their membranous wings as they eat fruit by chewing the pulp and then coughing up the seeds and juices (Robbins, 2012)