However, in January 2014, Amanda was finally successful in taking her own life and the videos of her that were posted on Facebook went viral and millions of people became familiar with the Amanda Todd story. Historic Events and Legal Decisions The word "bully" can be traced back as far as the 1530s; in its most basic sense bullying involves two people, a bully or intimidator and a victim (Donegan, 2012)
However, social media and the advancement of technology has allowed for a new type of bullying to occur which is referred to as cyberbullying. As people nationwide have turned to the courts for redress in bullying incidents, we have seen a variety of lawsuits and legal proceedings associated with cyberbullying, such as (Glover, 2012): • Civil causes of action for alleged torts like defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligence, premises liability, vicarious liability, and damages; • Civil causes of action for alleged free speech, equal protection, and privacy violations; • Student and employee discipline for harassment and violations of institutional policies and codes of conduct -- Effective July 1, 2012, California elementary and secondary schools will also be able to suspend and expel students for cyberbullying that satisfies certain legal requirements under California Education Code section 48900(r); and • Criminal charges and prosecution for hate crimes, impersonation, harassment, cyberbullying, and violations under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA)
Amanda Todd was a young female living in Vancouver who was the victim of cyber bullying. When she was in 7th grade she was very active in internet chat groups and, at one point, allowed a stranger to flatter her into flashing her exposed breasts into a camera (Grenoble, 2012)
One example can be provided by individuals who have speech-language needs and pathologists (SLPs) must be aware of these issues related to communication disorders. One literature review in education, psychology, child and adolescent development, and speech-language pathology was conducted and the recommendations for how SLPs can prevent and intervene in bullying incidences were extrapolated from the reviewed literature (Hughes & Schuele, 2014)
Psychological Implications Reducing bullying among students has become a major goal of schools in the modern world. However despite the efforts made in legislation little progress is being made and some even estimate to be a continually growing problem (Kalman, 2013)
Despite the political support anti-bullying legislation has gotten, there are many critics of the legislation. For example, some have argued that New Jersey's Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights under the First Amendment and claims that the biggest problem with the new law is not just its costs or heightened liability for New Jersey schools, but rather the statute's increased regulation of off-campus speech (Nash, 2012)
The factor of electronic victimization was closely associated with female alcohol use (even after other factors were ruled out). The focus groups focused on the context of electronic victimization and how important it was to understand the nature of individual distress (Bennett,, Guran, Ramos & Margolin, 2011, 410-411)
Study results also indicated that it was perceived that social support buffered relations between victimization and suicidal ideation. In this way, victimized students who had a higher perceived social support from their families had reported much lower levels of suicide ideation than students who possessed a lower perceived social support (Bonanno & Hymel, 2010, 420-421)
We then examine social information processing factors associated with in-person bullying. The study then presented a discussion similarities and differences that might characterize cyber bullying (Dooley, Pyzalski, & Cross, 2009, 182-183)
The highest risks for poor adjustment (high scores in reactive and instrumental aggression, depressive, and somatic symptoms) were observed in students who were identified as combined bully-victims (traditional and cyber). Additionally, gender differences were also examined and found not to be statistically definitive (Gradinger & Strohmeter, 2009, 205-206)
The study found that exposure to authoritative parenting and a high amount self-control lessened the harmful results of bullying with regard self-harm and suicide. The article then concluded by discussing the implications of the study conclusions for further research (Hay & Meldrum, 2010, 446-447)
g., social integration, popularity or bullying) (Katzer, Fetchenhauer & Belschak, 2009, 25-26)
The teen students in the journal article perceived that the theme of confiscation of the offender's access to technology as the most effective preventative measure. The findings could be useful for communities and schools and communities in setting up policies and regulations to effectively retard cyber aggression (Kraft & Wang, 2009, 513-514)
These victims being could be classified into just 2 groups: including those that had not been affected emotionally as well as those that simultaneously had suffered from a variety of emotions that were negative. The influences of gender, age, gender and the severity of the bullying on each emotional category were analyzed as well (Ortega, Elipe, Mora-merchan, Calmaestra, & Vega, 2009, 197-198)
The results demonstrate that the students' roles in traditional bullying were reliable predictors of the same role in cyber bullying. Being a victim of bullying on the World Wide Web or in text messages was related to bullying at school (Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007, 564-565)
However, electronic bullying in particular aroused strong feelings and emotions rivaling that of traditional bullying. Particularly, electronic bullying was found to operate both covertly and overtly through new technologies at school and home (Speras, Slee, Owens & Johnson, B
Electronic bullying has gained visibility due to the disheartening publicized cases of the victims. (Wong-Lo, Bullock, & Gable, 2011, 317-318)
She was bullied in high school, and to some extent is still bullied by people from her past who find her online presence. While Sarah was not as angry over the game as Roger, she did have feelings of "despair and depression" if she was not able to perform well at the game, especially if she was "playing with friends or if they were watching" (Britton, 2013)
He was bullied in middle and high school. When asked about the tendency to feel violent afterward, Roger admitted that he had "felt like punching everybody" when he lost a life or when the game ended (Channing, 2013)
When personal Experience is combined with local stories and professional, scholarly sources, a much more complete picture of bullying can be drawn. According to a study done regarding aggression in students and how that relates to their experience playing violent video games, there was a direct link between the two issues (Moller & Krahe, 2009)