Criminology Research Is Criminology a Hard Science? Criminology is a discipline within the social sciences and as such is the study of people (Bhattacherjee, 2012)
S. cities and been credited with reducing crime rates significantly (Sampson, Winship, & Knight, 2013)
Sociological Theory of Crime The sociological theory of crime regards human behavior in general and of deviance and criminality in particular as mainly the result of external environment and manner in which social experiences and status relate to group and individual perspective and behavior (Macionis, 2006; Schmalleger, 2009). More specifically, the sociological theory of crime includes concepts such as anomie, proposed by 19th century theorist Emile Durkheim, and strain theory, proposed by Robert Merton and later revised by Robert Agnew (Agnew, 1992; Broidy, 2001)
e. criminal) means after socially appropriate means fail (Broidy, 2001; Schmalleger, 2009)
More specifically, the biological perspective, as it was originally detailed in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso, emphasized the role of heredity in conjunction with the (then) new concept of Darwinian Evolution also in conjunction with the principles of heredity by Gregor Mendel. That approach to understanding crime was called Atavism, meaning "from the father," to reflect the idea that behavior was largely a function of the genetics passed down from each generation to subsequent generations (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008; Schmalleger, 2009)
On the other hand, contemporary versions of the biological perspective emphasize the fact that biology is only one component of many that contribute to human behavior and criminality (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008; Schmalleger, 2009). Sociological Theory of Crime The sociological theory of crime regards human behavior in general and of deviance and criminality in particular as mainly the result of external environment and manner in which social experiences and status relate to group and individual perspective and behavior (Macionis, 2006; Schmalleger, 2009)
Criminology Theories Biological Theory of Crime The biological or bio-physiological theory of crime regards human behavior in general and of deviance and criminality in particular as mainly the result of internal states of mind (Schmalleger, 2009)
The prison would house the people detained in apparent connection with the war on terrorism, most of who would never be brought before a court of any kind and would never be given an opportunity to secure their release by proving their innocence. Referred to as enemy combatants by the president, they would be held without legal process, destined to live out their days in isolation until the administration saw fit to let them go (Marguiles, 2004)
The buildings used by the CIA were masked by high fences covered with thick green mesh plastic and ringed with floodlights. They sat inside the larger Camp Echo complex, which was erected to house the Defense Department's high-value detainees and those awaiting military trials on terrorism charges (Pries and Higham, 2004)
What was the article about? The article discusses how rational choice theory has come from early assumptions about the relationship between criminal behavior and formal sanctions. It was the assumption of people that when punishments get stiffer crime rates go down (Pratt 2008)
If the country faces a double-dip recession, this means that many people will lose their jobs rendering them unemployed. Anomie theory states that when there are discrepancies in the society people are likely to use crime to get money (Maxfield 1999)
These bills include mortgages and other house bills such as food and clothing. The strain theory states that people will resort to crime if they have difficulty in meeting societal goals through approved means (Rafter 1990)
The purpose of this study is to show why criminal activities increase in society. The article also gives ways in which relevant authorities can reduce crime and make the society a peaceful place for people to live in harmony (Cochran 2012)
They do not want to do anything that involves anyone else, and they are only interested in programs and activities that will bring them benefit. This shows that programs that do not affect individuals in a personal way are not important to these people and there is very little interest for these individuals in helping others in any way (McIntosh, 2003)
Now that choice theory is better understood, it is important to examine Marxism. The Marxist ideal generally addresses the class system (McClelland, 2000)
(Triplett, 1990) A moderate stand is taken by Lemert who considers that labeling cannot offer an explanation to primary deviance but to secondary ones. (Lemert, 1967) Labeling encourages the definition of certain attitudes in consideration of subjective norms that can alienate the individual and can push him towards recidivating
Mead argues in this respect the fact that there can be certain contradictions between the two perspectives and thus conflict may arise. (Mead, 1934) However, there are opinions that do not consider labeling to be a source for criminal behavior, Triplett arguing that labeling alone does not cause delinquent behavior, but must be associated with the reward system in which the individual operates
(Mead, 1934) However, there are opinions that do not consider labeling to be a source for criminal behavior, Triplett arguing that labeling alone does not cause delinquent behavior, but must be associated with the reward system in which the individual operates. (Triplett, 1990) A moderate stand is taken by Lemert who considers that labeling cannot offer an explanation to primary deviance but to secondary ones
One of the most important figures of this theory, Leslie White, considers that attaching different labels to humans has deep consequences over future behavior. (White, 1969) It has a double role
One version of strain theory states that there might be a conflict between a person's reality and aspirations. A poor person may aspire to become wealthy but has to bear the fact that this might be just a dream because he or she has no opportunity to make his dream come true (Bernard et al