Criminal Justice Settings The literature is reported to have categorized the case manager's fundamental functions into five activities including: (1) assessment of the needs of the client; (2) service plan development; (3) directing the client to needed services; (4) client progress monitoring; and (5) advocacy for the client's needs. (Healey, 1999, p
2) It is reported that there are several rules that are applicable to participants in drug treatment courts including the following: (1) 42 CRR Part 2 -- the alcohol and substance abuse treatment confidentiality rule; and (2) HIPAA -- new federal rules covering all health related information. (Peterson, nd, p
Obama's 2004 assessment of those policies -- "utter failure" - has come to be shared by many even though he no longer stands by it and even though members of his team such as Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano insist the old approach is working." (Debusmann, p
constitutes only 5% of the world's population, it is home to 25% of the world's prisoners, 2.3 million citizens or one in every 31 Americans. (Moyers, p
Social Contract Theory The social contract model is based on the underlying premise that society, in pursuit of the protection of people's lives and property, enters into a compact agreement with the government - where the latter guarantees the society protection, and the society in turn pledge to live in peace and harmony (Dooley & Paten, 2014)
Although Locke's view has been widely-accepted, it has one major drawback; it is difficult to give a definite meaning of what exactly constitutes a contractual violation. Principles of Locke's Theory Freedom: Locke's aspect of freedom is embedded in his concept of the State of Nature -- a state of preservation, mutual assistance, goodwill, and peace, in which all had the right to enjoy the pleasures of nature (Elahi, 2014)
¶ … criminal justice system just like any other organization utilizes leadership and management theories to guide its operations (Stojkovic, Klofas, Kalinich,2011)
Text messages and emails will fall under similar guidelines based on the fact that they are considered to be personal communication. (Samaha, 2011) The way that the Fourth Amendment is applicable is through limiting unreasonable searches and seizures
" The split between different levels of government in Australia engendered by the politicization of punishment is also reflected in the split between different arms of government. The traditional "separation of powers" between the parliament, the executive, and the judiciary that is a hallmark of the Westminster system of government appeared to be breaking down at the close of the century in Australia (Toby, 1957)
At the state level, the position over the last decade has been one of successive "reform" or compromise influenced by populist forces working through both government and opposition. Every state and territory in Australia reformed its sentencing legislation at least once between 1988 and 1998 (Sallmann & Willis, 2003)
In the end, the politicians won. Australian governments argued that mandatory sentencing was "effective" because it was popular (Schiraldi & Soler, 2009)
The Sentencing Act (1988) [in Hogg and Brown] introduced as part of this election campaign established Truth in Sentencing (abolition of remission), which effectively inflated the prison population by a considerable margin. The act also introduced higher maximum sentences including a "natural life" sentence (Roberts & Stalans, 1997)
The law making powers of each state or territory are "separate and independent systems" in relation to police, the courts, prison facilities and all "other corrective and treatment services" (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). Confidence in Criminal Justice System According to research conducted in Australia by Jones (Indehmar and Roberts, 2009), the confidence in the criminal justice system ranges from 30% to as high as 75% based on the various components
With informal mechanisms there was unfair treatment of the accused even to the point of receiving unjust sentencing. Those who had the power within the informal mechanisms often received the property or other goods once held by the accused, withhold evidence for personal benefit, or acted as vigilantes exacting their own justice (Lincoln and Robinson, 2010)
Social control is best managed by those that have been elected to oversee the management of the changing formats of punishment for criminal behavior. The formal mechanisms work best when connected with matters of state within society (Roach Anleu, 1998)
One theory that demonstrates the interconnected relations is the Behaviorists Concept. This theory asserts that social control lies within governmental administration of what is considered a normal lifestyle through Legislation, legal action and negotiation (White and Sutton, 1995)
There were much lawlessness prior to the establishment of criminal justice systems in Australia. The bushrangers were bands of outlaws in the early 19th century traveled the land committing crimes of robbery, murder, and pillaging (Woods, 2002)
It has been demonstrated that minorities make up a disproportionate number of prison inmates. (Alexander, 2011) And most prison gangs are based on race, or protection from other races, which often leads to conflict between gangs and thus conflicts between races
31+) Gangs are usually divided by race, bringing racial issues into the fray, but also are responsible for illegal drug trafficking and the violence which stems from that trade. (Arthur, 2009, p
In order to deal with these problems there must be a shift of resources in society away from incarceration, and toward prevention and treatment. (Currie, 1998) It is also important that young people have a decent future to look forward to, and not be trapped in a dead-end life of poverty and misery