Other components include relevant law that guides Court of Appeal cases. The judges equally take into consideration the mitigation provisions that include hard personal circumstances and remorseful expressions on guilty pleas (Ashworth, 2005)
Such laws require interpretation and application by the judicial rules to diverse cases. The concept is inclusive of guidelines that promote appropriate sentencing (Gibson & Cavadino, 2008)
Even though deterrence focuses on the critical considerations and increasing emphasis towards possibilities of reforming offenders, returning them into the community forms useful citizen. The systems bar harsh penalties as they are imposed on the community through bringing into perspective the various sentencing criteria (Shahidullah, 2012)
All offences and offenders are different policies aimed at making sure that judges and magistrates decide sentences on a standard form. Judges think of the kinds of sentences that are most likely to alter the behavior of offenders (Siegel, 2009)
Criminal Justice Settings The literature is reported to have categorized the case manager's fundamental functions into five activities including: (1) assessment of the needs of the client; (2) service plan development; (3) directing the client to needed services; (4) client progress monitoring; and (5) advocacy for the client's needs. (Healey, 1999, p
2) It is reported that there are several rules that are applicable to participants in drug treatment courts including the following: (1) 42 CRR Part 2 -- the alcohol and substance abuse treatment confidentiality rule; and (2) HIPAA -- new federal rules covering all health related information. (Peterson, nd, p
Obama's 2004 assessment of those policies -- "utter failure" - has come to be shared by many even though he no longer stands by it and even though members of his team such as Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano insist the old approach is working." (Debusmann, p
constitutes only 5% of the world's population, it is home to 25% of the world's prisoners, 2.3 million citizens or one in every 31 Americans. (Moyers, p
Social Contract Theory The social contract model is based on the underlying premise that society, in pursuit of the protection of people's lives and property, enters into a compact agreement with the government - where the latter guarantees the society protection, and the society in turn pledge to live in peace and harmony (Dooley & Paten, 2014)
Although Locke's view has been widely-accepted, it has one major drawback; it is difficult to give a definite meaning of what exactly constitutes a contractual violation. Principles of Locke's Theory Freedom: Locke's aspect of freedom is embedded in his concept of the State of Nature -- a state of preservation, mutual assistance, goodwill, and peace, in which all had the right to enjoy the pleasures of nature (Elahi, 2014)
Of concern is that once most of the offenders have been made accountable and have taken the necessary measures to reintegrate successfully back into society, they often go back to the same environment that was a major factor in their prior delinquent behavior. The juvenile justice system is at a disadvantage because most offenders go back to an environment that is economically disadvantaged and this can encourage repeat behavior (Grunwald et al
Few people realize that the use and distribution of drugs have very little to do with the drugs themselves. It is more about there being very little or sustainable jobs in low income neighborhoods because many in these communities cannot read past an eighth grade level (Western, 2010)
On the other hand, when a person is insane they do not have the mental ability to follow the societal rules and they cannot be punished in the same manner that a sane person in punished (MacKay 1995). According to an article found in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology explains the results of several different cases, which involved an insanity plea (Bonnie et al
" (Holstein 1993) The journal Teaching Psychology asserts that there is also a distinction to be made between defendants that plead "not guilty by reason of insanity" and those that plead "guilty but mentally ill." (Fass 1999) the article asserts that the former indicates that the client is not guilty of the crime because they are insane
As the number of inmates in the prison system increases, prisoner on prisoner sexual abuse is also on the rise. This may later bring about physical effects like contracting HIV / AIDS or psychological effects like losing ones self-esteem thereby increasing cases of violence (Oracle Education Foundation, 2012) Drug law propositions that could make a positive mark in correction centers is making the drug issue a public health problem rather than a criminal justice problem; this should be done in such away that use of drugs should be decriminalized and treated as the health issue its supposed to be
Construction cost per bed ranged from $25,000 to $50,000. This meant that tax payers had to part with $5 billion construction bill for 800 local state and central institutions (Fangmeier A
Not all offenders are willing to transform; therefore, prisons become part of a restorative justice system to such. (Lozoff Bo, 2012) Housing for inmates is also a matter that should be delved into such that the older and more experienced prisoners should not be mixed with young offenders since the older ones prey on the younger ones since this gives the older ones the opportunity to register the young ones into criminal jail gangs
It was not until the last decade of the twentieth century that the majority of the population in at least some European countries became abolitionist. Even at present, a significant portion of the population in England, France, and elsewhere would prefer that executions resume in their nations (Bae, 2008)
In fact, only 454 counties out of 3,146 have carried out any executions. Just 14 counties have executed more than 10 individuals, but together these counties constitute 30% of the national total (Baumgartner & Richardson, 2010)
Research reveals that those who kill white victims are much more likely to receive the death penalty than those who kill black victims. One study found that for similar crimes committed by similar defendants, blacks received the death penalty at a 38% higher rate than all others (Dieter, 1998)