4 per 100 patients/year and 3.7 per 100 patients/year in those receiving HD" (Chou, Liang, Kuo, Chang, Liu, Lin, Wang, Yang, Huang, 2014, p
Additionally, there are treatments depending on what stage of CKD in which the patient is categorized. A 2013 study determined that "CKD is categorized into five stages that are based on disease severity defined by GFR (3) (Table 1), stages 1 to 3 are considered to be early-stage CKD" (Qaseem, Hopkins, Jr
A primary focus can be on cholesterol-lowering treatments. CKD specialists are almost always concerned about the risk of kidney failure and death, and as a recent SHARP (Study of Heart and Renal Protection) determined a "simvastatin and ezetimibe combination therapy reduced the risk for major atherosclerotic events (coronary death, MI, nonhemorrhagic stroke, or any revascularization)" (Tonelli, Warner, 2014, p
When the history of the patient is evaluated, emphasis should be on establishing a cause or what could have contributed to the development of the disease. There should also be an examination or establishment of the existence of hereditary factors (Arici, 2014)
Sometimes, this examination of the disease may establish the existence of another disease whose presence has brought about the condition. Some of these underlying diseases could include: pericarditis and anaemia (Arora, 2015)
When vitamin D is used in an activated form to prevent secondary hyperthyroidism, there may be side effects in the form of hypercalcemia, which is, having very high levels of calcium. Rocatrol and Zemplar are such medications (Kathuria, 2015)
Some of these symptoms, which point to the onset of the disease are: Constant tiredness and feeling ill The loss of one's appetite Experiencing nausea The unexplained loss of weight Regular headaches Scratching and drying of the skin In some people, the symptoms are detected when the disease has progressed and become very severe. These symptoms are as listed below: The skin may become darker than is natural for the person or lighter The person's skin may become sensitive and be bruised easily Sleeping becomes difficult The patient cannot focus easily There is pain in the skeletal structure The hands swell and experience numbness as do the feet The menstrual cycle is interrupted The person is insatiably thirsty There is sexual dysfunction Sometimes, a patient will experience vomiting, especially after waking up (Miller, 2013)
These terms were formerly used to describe the reduction of renal functions, whether to a large extent or otherwise. However, the adoption of the name Chronic Kidney Disease came about because it described the progression of the organ's functional loss (Wong, Warady and Srivastava, 2015)