The paper then moves on to a short review of the most relevant research on this topic, and then looks at the role pharmacists have played in helping physicians to reduce cholesterol levels in individuals, through a review of the relevant literature and a review of two short case studies, of the ImPACT program in the United States, and the SCRIP program in Canada. Chapter 1: What is Cholesterol, and Why is it a Concern? Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance that is a natural component of the fats in the bloodstream and in all the cells of the body, and while cholesterol is an essential part of a healthy body, high levels of cholesterol in the blood (known as hypercholesterolemia) increase a person's risk for cardiovascular disease, which can lead to stroke or heart attack (Anderson et al
, 2001). Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction All of the studies identified in this review classify cholesterol screening as a blood test with basic education on lifestyle changes for those who receive a raised blood cholesterol result (Bankhead et al
Bluml et al. (2000) present a review which aims to demonstrate that pharmacists, working collaboratively with patients and physicians and having immediate access to objective point-of-care patient data, promote patient persistence and compliance with prescribed dyslipidemic therapy that enables patients to achieve their National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) goals (Bluml et al
Chapter 3: Guidelines for Treating Hypercholesterolemia Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and high blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for CHD. In its third report, the Expert Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults of the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for screening and management of high blood cholesterol have been updated to further identify and treat patients at risk (Chase, 2002)
S. physicians' office practices (National Ambulatory Care Survey) (Eaton et al
The next section will look at this issue in more detail. Chapter 6: Practical Management of Hypercholesterolemia The first indication of the presence of CHD is sudden cardiac death in 50% of men and 63% of women: this statistic illustrates the importance of early detection and treatment of hypercholesterolemia (Olson et al
Chapter 8: Economic Impact of Pharmacists' Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia The Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists, as discussed by Simpson et al. (2001) is a randomized, controlled trial in over 50 community pharmacies in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and demonstrated that a pharmacist intervention program improved cholesterol risk management in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease (Simpson et al
It is therefore inferred that adding strawberries to a cholesterol-lowering dietary portfolio may improve the utility of cholesterol lowering dietary portfolios in two ways; first by providing a positive change in risk factors for heart disease and by making such a diet more palatable and therefore easier to elicit compliance with. (Jenkins et al
The fourth main function of cholesterol is neurological. Cholesterol is "an important part of the myelin sheath which is a neuron consists of fat-containing cells that insulate the axon from electrical activity," (Miezam, n
"Cholesterol is an important building block, especially in the membranes of cells. Each cell in our body contains cholesterol-cells couldn't function without it" (Farnworth, 2002, p
It is hypothesized that active adults (age 25-50), who consume less meat and exercise more, will score higher on a survey then those who consume more meat and exercise less. Methods "There is an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and coronary artery disease (CAD)" (Foody, 2011)
This essay (in simple words a research proposal) highlights the heart diseases that are expected to occur within the participants. "A broad, scientific consensus supports the role of cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and agrees that lowering cholesterol levels will reduce coronary heart disease incidence" (Goldman, 2002)
Some journal articles have promoted that the lower the serum cholesterol is, the better it is for the patient's health. "Some experiments in Russia showed that feeding rabbits cholesterol caused them to develop atherosclerosis, but subsequent experiments showed that rabbits are unusual in responding that way to cholesterol, and that even rabbits don't develop atherosclerosis from cholesterol if they are given a supplement of thyroid" (Graubard, 2009, p
When meat is this lean, it actually lowers your LDL cholesterol levels." (Johnson, 2008)
Vegetable diets have a very low amount of zinc and iron. "Moderate consumption of lean red meat as part of a balanced diet is unlikely to increase risk for CVD or colon cancer, but may positively influence nutrient intakes and fatty acid profiles, thereby impacting positively on long-term health" (McAfee, et al
"Meat contains highly toxic substances that are responsible for many deaths and diseases. "Heavy meat consumption increases your risk of dying from all causes" (Moritz, 2009)
"When people eat less of one kind of food, they will likely exchange it for a different one, because they usually eat "ad libitum," meaning until they are satisfied. So it is always about exchanging one food item for another one" (Scholl, 2012, p
Chronic diseases and obesity are linked with high cholesterol consumption. "Red meat consumption has been associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases; however, its relationship with mortality remains uncertain" (Schulze & Manson, 2012, p
This is a vast topic and the related heart diseases, alcohol consumption and less activity factor cannot be ignored. "Various diets failed to lower LDL cholesterol levels in men or women with high-risk lipoprotein levels who did not engage in aerobic exercise; this highlights the importance of physical activity in the treatment of elevated LDL cholesterol levels" (Stefanick, 2008, p