Disparity is defined as the differences in responses to children determined to be at risk. The disparity ratio is derived by dividing the disproportionality ratio for specific non-white groups at various stages in the decision-making process by the disporportionality rates for whites (Hill, 2007)
As Lewis (2009) pointed out, "The welfare of very young children was a federal concern through most of the last century in a fragmented way." In early 2009, the Obama administration pledged $10 billion toward pre-kindergarten programs to expand access and improve the quality of existing programs, including Head Start (Lewis, 2009)
For many of these families, the advent of universal preschool would represent a significant savings in childcare costs. Preschool programs have also been shown to improve cognitive skills, specifically in math and reading (Magnuson, Ruhm & Waldfogel, 2007)
The program became one that was not racially or ethnically diverse. Overrepresentation in child welfare services thus "reflects the disadvantaged position of black, indigenous and ethnic minority families" (Tilbury,)
To that end, it does appear that the Obama administration is preparing to make dramatic changes in this area, promising to develop new foster homes and take a greater interest in the training and quality shaping such staffs. (Davis-Tanner, 1) to the point, Obama has recognized through his platform that those raised in foster care or public agency centers tend to have a significant disadvantage in many key areas
Child welfare agencies, their staffs and their resources are especially vulnerable, with budgetary policy today reflecting a sense of recession and an unwillingness to spend in such areas. (Haynes, 1) This poses an extremely great challenge to the current generation of leaders poised to undo the failures of a decade of infrastructural neglect
Indeed, the wealthiest nation in the world, UNICEF reported in February of 2007, ranks second lowest and topped only by Great Britain among the world's wealthiest nation in a categorical index of child welfare capabilities. (McHugh, A17) Indeed, this seems to be a product not of a lack of available wealth, with both nations ranking toward the top of the world's GDP's
For its conduct and maintenance of the standards ethically demanded. (Pear, 1) Accordingly, multi-million dollar fines have served to only deepen the woes of these already short-funded and short-staffed facilities
Therefore, it must be approached realistically, weighing the safety and well being of the child vs. The labor (Basu, Kaushik, 1999, p
" But when pressed he admits, "I hire them first and foremost because they're economical. For what I'd pay one second-class adult weaver I can get three boys, sometimes four, who can produce first-class rugs in no time (Silvers, 1996, p
Americans are, for the most part, aware that emerging third world countries will have to work hard, but most Americans draw the line at exploiting children. Today, child labor is being exploited in third world countries by manufacturers of sports products, clothing, home furnishings and other industries as well, including agriculture (Taylor, Ronald B
The Exploited Children - Beginning in America It has not been long since American legislators and manufacturers turned a blind eye toward the exploitation of labor for profit in America. It was not until the mid 19th century when Americans began to notice the negative impact child labor was having on children and their families (Tierney, 2000, p
1)." The information coming from the news article cited above was in conjunction with an "amnesty" program that was initiated to draw into the child welfare agencies thousands of delinquent or "dead beat" dads (Wagner and Hyslop 2000,
There are indications that EBT programs might offer better opportunities for at least a segment of the welfare population. In addition, people are just beginning to recognize the importance of post-employment training and development if former welfare recipients are to remain and be promoted in the workplace (Ellis, 2005, 589)
" Indeed, we document the somewhat troubling development that nearly one-quarter of welfare leavers actually did not start work (1)." Further, the study showed that single parents (mothers) who had never been married before, were the least likely to realize long-term benefits from the welfare to work programs (Fang and Keane, 2004,1)
1)." The authors begin by introducing, in brief, the foundation for TANF (Hansan and Morris, 1)
" 229 Parents feel they are "living out every parenting move under suspicion" and routinely protect themselves against the constant threat of investigation. They carry documents clearing them of abuse and neglect charges, such as a doctor's note for school absences and food pantry receipts in case they run out of groceries (Roberts, 2001, 77)
The findings of a third study are consistent with the first two. It found that children in foster care had higher levels of attention and positive affect as compared with institutionalized children (Ghera et al
These children may simply be passive participants but they actively construct their own social world from their experience. The third study (Holt, 2008) relates that more than 3 million children are exposed to parental violence each year
Child Demographics CHILD WELFARE IN REVIEW Financial Status of Children in Welfare - a review conducted in 9 trials on 2,000 participants to determine if financial support to poor families would improve children's health and welfare did not yield sufficient evidence on the financial benefits of intervention (Lucas, 2008)