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Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


Adding to this is the presence of a LINE-1 insertion close to c-myc present in all tumor samples. If this hypothesis is correct, an animal's tumor cells should be genetically clustered and different from normal cells of a host animal (Dingli, & Nowak, 2009, p

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


The former occurs after the recognition of the virus infected or damaged cells by the T-cells and in attempt to prevent neoplastic or cancerous development of spreading of the infection by the cells which have been infected by virus apoptosis is initiated. The granzyme can also be used to induce apoptosis by cytotoxic T-lympocytes (Franks, 1991, p

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


In necrosis the cell death which is uncontrolled results in cells lysis, responses which are inflammatory and which could lead to grave health problems. In apoptosis, the cells play an important role in their own death and have led to the use of the term cell suicide (Henkart, 1999)

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


In most cases the experiencing of extended and complex succession of events by people who have lived long enough leads to them experiencing the disease. This is because each change is usually not common but a rare accident which needs years to occur, and a long time is required by the whole process and most people die due to other causes before the whole process of cancer development is complete (Lodish, 2004, p

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


The cell's error repairing ability is damaged in the DNA. Therefore there is a high frequency of mutations to appear in the cells consisting of those in cell growth control by genes (Michor F, & Nowak, 2004, p

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


Therefore, a tumor is a result of a process starting in its individual host and ending with either its elimination or the host's death. Two recent studies suggest however, that tumor cells can act like infectious agents by moving from one host to another (Murgia, et al

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


The chromosomes are the distinct arrangements of the DNA in the human cell and they are 46 of them. There is pair arrangement of the chromosomes characterized by each biological parent giving 23 chromosomes (Pelengaris et al

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


e. instability at the nucleotide level and that at the chromosomal level (Perera & Bapat, 2007)

Cancer Cell Biology the Fundamental


Whereas mucus is produced and released by the normal secretory cells, these characteristics may be lost in the cancer cells. Similarly large quantities of keratin is contained in the epithelial cells, this protein may not be accumulated in the cytoplasm of the skin cancer cells (Weinberg, 2006, p

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


In fact, over the past few decades, the incidence of diabetes has approached epidemic levels and there are currently 177 million persons with diabetes in the world (World Health Organization 2005). The basis for this increased incidence of diabetes has been directly correlated with many aspects of modern lifestyles, particularly a paucity of exercise combine wit an unhealthy diet characterized by fast food and vending machine snacks (Alonso-Magdalena et al

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


According to the World Health Organization: Diabetes causes about 5% of all deaths globally each year; 80% of people with diabetes live in low and middle income countries; Most people with diabetes in low and middle income countries are middle-aged (45-64), not elderly (65-plus); and, Diabetes deaths are likely to increase by more than 50% in the next 10 years without urgent action. There has been a dramatically increased incidence for other pathologies after World War II as well, including cancer, reproductive impairment, and neurodegenerative diseases; all of these conditions have been attributed to the increase of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment (Barondes)

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


More recent studies of specific types of knockout mice immune responses to tumor-associated proteins has provided researchers with new insights that have identified epitopes of potential clinical value for design of anticancer vaccines (Chapoval and David 246). To date, though, an experimental correlation between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diabetes in humans has not been established; however, a connection at the epidemiologic level in humans has been recently proposed for dioxin, an environmental contaminant that acts through other than estrogen receptors (ERs) as an endocrine disruptor (Bertazzi et al

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


, prenatal or postnatal) the transgene must be expressed (175). While scientists are currently able to control the expression of the transgene through the careful selection of the promoter (promoters are stretches of DNA associated with a specific gene that guide the expression of the gene to specific areas in the brain and turn the expression of the gene 'on' either prenatally or postnatally), one limitation of the transgenic technique is its inability to target the integration of the transgene to its natural location on the chromosome (Bowers 175)

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


Studies Using Knockout Mice in the Study of Diabetes. In recent years, knockout mice have been used to identify epitopes on several autoimmune disease-related antigens such as collagen and cartilage glycoprotein, the autoantigens associated with arthritis, glutamic acid decarboxylase and insulin associated with type 1 diabetes, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor involved in myasthenia gravis, RO60 (SS-a) lupus-related antigen, myelin basic protein, myelin olygodendrocyte glycoprotein and proteolipid protein implicated in the development of multiple sclerosis; in addition, the use of certain knockout mice has been shown to be an effective tool for the identification of T-cell epitopes on malarial parasites and mycobacterial antigens that could be used to generate a new type of more effective subunit vaccines (Chapoval and David 2003:245)

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


107). Although their functions are still greatly understudied, ER-[alpha] and ER-[beta] are involved in important aspects of the [beta]-cell physiology, including protection against [beta]-cell death caused by cytokines, as well as a beneficial effect on diabetes in mice expressing human islet amyloid peptide following prolonged application (Geisler et al

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


2002). In addition, the involvement of ERs in lipid and glucose metabolism has been demonstrated in ER-[alpha] knockout mice that display increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance (Heine et al

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


For example, experiments with these knockout mice have demonstrated that the pleasurable effects of cocaine remain despite the absence of the dopamine transporter, a molecule previously thought to be the primary mediator of these effects" (22). In 2001, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies received the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award for their work that led to the development of knockout mice (Lauerman 2002)

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


2001; Remillard and Bunce 2002). What is currently known is that a large number of endocrine-disrupting chemicals act by using the biological actions as the sex hormone 17?-estradiol; generally, these chemicals bind to the classic estrogen receptors (ERs); however, they can also act through novel estrogen targets (Nadal et al

Cell Biology for Knockout Mice


Likewise, according to Stevens and his colleagues (2007), "One of the defining characteristics of life in the modern world is the altered patterns of light and dark in the built environment made possible by use of electric power" (1357). The growing of evidence has determined the underlying mechanisms responsible for photo-transduction in the retina that provide environmental control of circadian and other neurobehavioral responses and the composition and functioning of the clock physiology that exert genetic control of the endogenous rhythms (Stevens et al

Cell Biology


The review of G. protein signaling was published almost two decades ago and central to this signaling process have been cell surface receptors (Morris and Malbon 1999)