503). However, he also wrote about the results of oncogenes, which "can be classified into six broad groups: transcription factors, chromatin remodelers, growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, and apoptosis regulators" (Croce 2008, p
In research led by Hussain, he investigated the targets of free radicals, which are DNA, proteins, RNA, and lipids. He noted that, "mutations in cancer-related genes or post-translational modifications of proteins by nitration, nitrosation, phosphorylation, acetylation or polyADP-ribosylation-by free radiacals or lipid peroxidation byproducts…are some of the key events that can increase the cancer risk" (Hussain 2003, p
37). Inflammation creates incidences of tumor activity, which creates "cell proliferation, cell death, cellular senescence, DNA mutation rates, DNA methylation and angiogenesis" (Schetter 2009, p
In recent years many different factors have been identified that contribute to this increased risk. Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long-term use of oral contraceptives (Claudio, 2000; Emanoil, 2000)
Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long-term use of oral contraceptives (Claudio, 2000; Emanoil, 2000). Many studies have suggested that women are not taking adequate steps to assure early detection of breast cancer (Emanoil, 2000)
African-America men in America are continuing to have the highest occurrence rate of prostate cancer in the entire world -- 180.6 per 100,000 populations (Cancer., 2004)
7 times more probable to grow prostate cancer related with Caucasian men, and are approximately 2.3 times as probable to die from the ailment (Edwards BK, 2007)
Rendering to the Task Force, nevertheless, good indication occurs that PSA testing can notice initial-phase prostate cancer, but it is uncertain how early discovery can increase health results (Schittenhelm, 2009). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has decided that there is inadequate indication that prostate cancer humanity can be abridged by early discovery and screening approaches (Mays, 2009)
, 2005). Rendering to the Task Force, nevertheless, good indication occurs that PSA testing can notice initial-phase prostate cancer, but it is uncertain how early discovery can increase health results (Schittenhelm, 2009)
A lot of these genes were connected to irritation and immune system directive, signifying that pathogens could be complicated in race/ethnic alterations that lead to the growth of these tumors, the examiners say. Some of the genes were also connected to the spreading of cancer (Woods VD, 2004)
By taking control a patient learns to control negative thoughts while projecting positive ones in order to get through a possible life-threatening ordeal. That which fosters a positive attitude would include, but not limited to, a supportive environment (family, friends, care-givers), humor, spirituality, and even meditation (De Raeve, 1997)
Even studies that have been conducted in the past have been inconclusive and have not evidenced a direct correlation between the two. However what several studies do indicate is that a positive attitude can enhance the quality of life of a cancer patient (Herth, 2000; Saleh & Brockoop, 2001)
This process requires an evaluation of each of the available treatments with regards to its effectiveness. Solution/Intervention Cytotoxic chemotherapy has proven to be an effective solution or intervention that prolongs the survival of elderly men with hormone-refractory prostate unlike radical surgery, radiation therapy, or watchful waiting (Hricak, 2014)
Complications of Cancer Chemical Changes in the Body: cancer interferes with the normal chemical balance in the body, increasing the risk of serious complications. Confusion, constipation, frequent urination, and excessive thirst are some of the symptoms of chemical imbalances common to cancer patients (Epstein et al
Available Cancer Treatments There are various methods of treating cancer; the method chosen depends on the type of cancer, as well as on the stage of the cancer. Surgery: a procedure of surgery is conducted to isolate, and remove the cancer, especially if it has not spread to other body parts and organs (Kelvin & Tyson, 2010)
Methods of Lessening the Side Effects of Cancer Treatment Methods of lessening the undesirable effects of cancer treatment could be behavioral or even clinical. Some of the behavioral elements that a patient can embrace to protect their heath during cancer treatment include eating a healthy, balanced diet; allowing themselves adequate time to rest; and seeking expert advice before using any chemicals, soaps, or lotions on the skin in the treatment area (Redd, Montgomery & DuHamel, 2001)
). Alternatively, physicians can use endoscopy tests to visualize cancerous tissues in the bronchi, throat, and intestinal tract (Schrevens et al
In 1993, it was estimated that 700,000 new cases of skin cancer would be diagnosed (Sherry 81), and every year the numbers get larger, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation, a worldwide group working to treat and prevent the disease. In addition, "About 41,600 Americans were diagnosed with malignant melanoma in 1998, and 7,300 died from the disease" (Goff 28)
These cancers affect men more often than women because men tend to be employed in more outdoor occupations with more exposure to the sun, the main cause of skin cancer. In addition, these cancers usually occur in the area of the face, especially the ears and mouth (Helm 21)
Many manufacturers insist their tanning beds are safer than tanning outside, but studies indicate this is not the case. One study states, "Modern tanning beds emit amounts of UVA that are two to three times higher than the amount received from natural sunlight" (Palmer et al