In short the reasons that physicians do not choose to practice in rural areas are categorized into two areas, that which is within the control of the insitution and that which is not (possibly to be supplimentary addressed by recruiters); Rural student recruitment, admissions policies, rural-oriented medical curriculum, rural practice learning experiences, faculty values and attitudes, and advanced procedural skills training are areas which the medical school has direct control of and which have been shown to influence the likelihood of medical students entering rural primary care practice. (Curran & Rourke, 2004) As one can see the literature has detailed several possible recommendations for the development of better rural health care access not the least of which is the sense that statistically and really speaking the recruitment of candidates from rural settings seems to be the most telling success marker for improving the situation
There was no association between exposure to rural practice during undergraduate or residency training and choosing to practise in a rural community. (Easterbrook, et al
lacks a federally organized and funded central health payment system and therefore Canada should be ahead, yet it is not. (Grumbach, Vranizan, & Bindman, 1997) (Rabinowitz, Diamond, Markham, & Hazelwood, 1999) These issues are persistent despite the language of the Canadian Health act or the good intentions of many; …the Canada Health Act (CHA) provision that reasonable access to insured health services be provided to all Canadians under uniform terms and conditions
(Starfield, Shi, & Macinko, 2005) the lack of fundamental support is one of the biggest reasons why primary care doctors choose not to locate practice in rural areas despite years of slow but fundamental development of such networks. (Hutchison, Abelson, & Lavis, 2001) Manitoba in particular shows a serious lack of specialist access in any but the most urban of health care delivery systems
. (Jutzi, Vogt, Drever, & Nisker, 2009) (Rourke, 2005) Jutzi, Vogt, Drever and Nisker also point out that the kinds of recruitment systems that actually work include those that take the holistic reasons for a physician to choose or not choose to practice in a rural area into consideration
The program likely needs to re-examine the effectiveness of current approaches." (Lu, Hakes, Bai, Tolhurst, & Dickinson, 2008) The Kirby Panel Report compiled in 2002 really shows the extent of the problem, with regard to both rural health care access and rural health and standard of living issues, including education levels (generally lower), regional demographics (disproportionate youth and aboriginal populations), employment levels (generally lower) and general remote rural regional decline (with close in rural development on the rise) of the various rural regions of Canada
Some even say that it is the most serious of all social and communal problems in rural Canada, "The most serious problem for residents of rural and remote areas is access to health care." (Nagarajan, 2004) Primary and specialist care are frequently lacking and emergency services and existing services are secondarily challenged by this lack of access, so much so that there has been a recent trend in hospital closures that is simply making the situation even worse than before
lacks a federally organized and funded central health payment system and therefore Canada should be ahead, yet it is not. (Grumbach, Vranizan, & Bindman, 1997) (Rabinowitz, Diamond, Markham, & Hazelwood, 1999) These issues are persistent despite the language of the Canadian Health act or the good intentions of many; …the Canada Health Act (CHA) provision that reasonable access to insured health services be provided to all Canadians under uniform terms and conditions
. (Jutzi, Vogt, Drever, & Nisker, 2009) (Rourke, 2005) Jutzi, Vogt, Drever and Nisker also point out that the kinds of recruitment systems that actually work include those that take the holistic reasons for a physician to choose or not choose to practice in a rural area into consideration
Primary care is even lacking in its development in rural areas even though it is acknowledged as essential and needs support. (Starfield, Shi, & Macinko, 2005) the lack of fundamental support is one of the biggest reasons why primary care doctors choose not to locate practice in rural areas despite years of slow but fundamental development of such networks
Canadian Social Policy The title of the article by Gerard Boismenu and Peter Graefe provides a strong hint as to the intended message and impact of this piece. "Tool Belt" reads like something is being forced into position rather than by legislative cooperation, or that something needs mechanical manipulation; and "Attempts to Rebuild Social Policy Leadership," suggest that there is no current leadership (Boismenu, et al
"Though vaguely defined, [Martin's policy] is moving the country incrementally toward broad continental regulatory harmonization agreements in areas such as health, safety and environment; toward a common energy and resources policy; common security policies, a common trade policy etc." (Campbell, 1) Now under new leadership, Canada's free trade situation has been altered in some ways since the passage of this legislation
Howe Institute assesses that "compliance with different national and sub-national rules, together with the repetition of redundant testing and certification of products, processes, and providers for different markets, raises costs for manufactures and providers operating in an integrated market." (Hart, 4) Some of these differences are so seemingly small on the surface, such as the variations between Canada and the U
"Studies of the early years of FTA trade show that Canadian exports grew more rapidly in sectors where tariffs were cut the most, with nonresource products growing two times as rapidly as resource-based products." (Morici, 492) From its 1989 inception to the end of its first decade, the agreement would prove to be a stimulant to the growth of the Canadian economy as a whole
It appears that very little, if any, psychological studies establish a real medical state of mind such as the battered wife's syndrome. The literature is filled with reviews and commentaries justifying some feminist view for women (Thurstan 1998), or studies on anything having to do with abuse (Bartholomew 2008, Brady 2000, Riggs 2007)(follow the funding availability) to a lack of provision for husband abuse studies (Migliaccio, 2002)
But empirical research on the 'battered wife/woman abuse syndrome defense' per se is still elusive. One psychological study (Schuller 2004) examined contrived jury psychology tests - and their verdicts based on different approaches to explaining a battered woman's defense to a jury
The closer a 'syndrome state of mind' was put forth, the higher the probability of acquittal. Kahan (Kahan 2008)studied how the public perceived judging abusive reactions in a trial circumstance
It appears that very little, if any, psychological studies establish a real medical state of mind such as the battered wife's syndrome. The literature is filled with reviews and commentaries justifying some feminist view for women (Thurstan 1998), or studies on anything having to do with abuse (Bartholomew 2008, Brady 2000, Riggs 2007)(follow the funding availability) to a lack of provision for husband abuse studies (Migliaccio, 2002)
Lavellee case - and the enormous violence against women legislation and programs that together have reached an influence on our legal systems that go far beyond fairness to undermining long established due process procedures in the legal arena. Morse (Morse 1995)suggests that criminal would be better off by adopting generic excusing conditions for defense than creating syndromes as excuses
" Identification of the psycho-legal assumption by the Supreme Court about human behavior By upholding the trial court's verdict, the Supreme Court validated what has become known as the battered wife syndrome defense. According to Regehr (Regehr 1995) this defense relies on expert testimony that a battered woman accused of murder or aggravated assault suffers from psychological sequelae and that this psychological distress contributes to her apprehension of danger and ultimately her apprehension of death during a particular battering episode