In one study, 80% of black Medicare patient visits were handled by only 22% of available physicians, and these physicians rarely saw white patients. These physicians were also less likely to be board certified than the physicians treating white patients (Bach et
While hip-hop is only one subculture in America, the movement is more than that for African-American youth. African-American youth identify strongly with hip-hop culture and its emblems (Beachum & McCray 2004)
Black Studies Monogamy - Marriage for our Times What is monogamy? According to author Helen E. Fisher, "The Oxford English Dictionary defines monogamy as 'the condition, rule or custom of being married to only one person at a time'" (Fisher 63)
Some people believed polygamy was a religious issue, and it was not condoned by Christians. Others believe that many Christians did not condone polygamy because they associated it with the savagery of the Natives (Gibbs and Campbell 144)
Professor Gerald McKay notes, "Civilized life in modern industrialized societies depends, to some extent, on the stability and security provided by monogamous arrangements. Western religious teachings have long supported the idea of monogamy as does most of contemporary Western civilization" (McKay)
Fundamental Problems Associated with Religious Values: Perhaps one of the greatest ironies in the philosophical conflict between religious teachings and secular values is the degree to which rigid adherence to the former seems so often to inspire human conduct that is distinctly amoral by virtually every cultural definition of morality in human life. Sadly, one of the most pervasive and consistent underlying basis for human war, both in modern times and throughout recorded history, is the antagonism inspired by mutually incompatible religious beliefs (Einstein 1931)
In the case of Western religious traditions, societies exhibited what in retrospect seems to have been a schizophrenic view of human moral codes in the way that men who worshipped a God whose central message pertained to love and consideration for fellow men seemed inappropriately ignorant of the degree to which their own religious identity handicapped their most basic sense of moral right and wrong. In fact, the men who forcibly enslaved fellow human beings by the millions, and over the course of approximately three centuries were, for the most part, God fearing individuals from Christian societies (Equiano 1789)
S. Constitution actually contained provisions (later repealed) detailing the legal determination of "rightful ownership" and return of slaves who escaped into neighboring free states (Friedman 2005)
Black Studies - Philosophy/Morality PHILOSOPHY: THE BASIS of HUMAN MORALITY Introduction - Morality in Human Life: The concept of moral right and wrong is ubiquitous among all human societies in existence today as well as among the surviving records of virtually every human society no longer in existence in modern times. According to some of the most recent biological and evolutionary psychological data (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005), morality may exist in its rawest form even among non-human primates and other higher forms of biological life forms
Sometimes, the institution providing moral guidance represents the collective will and values of the majority, through some form of electoral process; in other societies, autocratic rulers lay down moral rules that reflect their ability to impose their will forcefully, if necessary. Generally, the moral values of contemporary modern human societies are much more the function of collective popular beliefs as expressed in secular laws (Henslin 2002)
By comparison, the moral values of less developed societies tend to feature moral values and social rules that are essentially unchanged from the beliefs of their ancient ancestors. In many ways, there is a direct relationship between scientific knowledge and technological sophistication and the shift toward secular moral values and away from traditional religious concepts of human morality (Macionis 2003)
Religious Moral Traditions: In the Western part of the world, the predominant biblical source of moral values is the New Testament of the Holy Bible, which Christians of practically all different denominations believe represent the Word of God the Father through Christ the Son. Christianity provides moral guidance in two main categories: (1) those governing the conduct of man toward his fellow man, and (2) those defining the relationship between man and God, as envisioned by God (Nelson 1903)
Jews, by contrast, derive moral values from a different portion of the Holy Bible; namely, that encompassed by the Old Testament rather than the New Testament. Like Christians, Jewish moral values derive directly from scripture, and relate partially to standards of conduct among men, and partially to the relationship between man and God (Verene 1976)
Recent research shows that these fears are present in both African-Americans and Caucasians. Conflict between African-Americans and Latino's for group position, status, and political power is steadily going up as most immigrants of Hispanic ancestry are settling in areas that are adjacent to African-American populations in the nation's largest cities (Morris and Gimpel, 2007)
The study reports the objective of providing either verification or refutation this findings as well as to identify "characteristics associated with heavy drinking in retirement communities." (Adams, 1996) The study reported is one that is cross-sectional and that used a mailed survey for the purpose of gathering information from three retirement communities in suburban Milwaukee, Wisconsin
This study investigated that relationship." (Welte and Mirand, 1995) Heavy drinkers were oversampled in this study
She notes, "Directly she had said her lessons to her grandmamma, she used to come running to me, and make me repeat them one by one after her; and in a few months I was able not only to say my letters but to spell many small words. But this happy state was not to last long" (Prince 28)
He learned the ways of ships, and fought beside his master in the French-Indian wars in Canada and in other skirmishes. He writes, "I had been learning many of the maneuvers of the ship during our cruise; and I was several times made to fire the guns" (Equiano 67)
Finally, the educational level was far lower in the South than in the North. In fact, by 1850, studies show that about 20% of adult white southerners could not read or write, which was far more than the national figure of 8% (Mintz)