Department of Energy's (DOE) have set a research laboratory to produce liquid transportation biofuels from the fermentation of algae. However, key technical challenges in the production of bioethnol " include identifying the strains with the highest oil content and growth rates and developing cost-effective production methods" (Atlas 2008 P
From these species, almost 80% are found within the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. (Bergquist, Gibbs, Morris, 1999)
Additionally, PCR technique could only be used for partial cloning and full length cloning through PCR-based chromosome application. (Cowan, Meyer, Stafford 2005)
Microalgae also need less water than terrestrial crops therefore reducing the load on freshwater sources. Microalgae cultivation does not require herbicides or pesticides application" (Dragone, G
The main disadvantage of first generation of biofuels is that its mass production could lead to the increase in the food prices. (Evans, 2007)
Biofuels are derived from biomass materials, which are already in solid fuel and later converted to liquid or gaseous fuels, which could be later, be stored for use. (Groom, Gray, Townsend, 2008)
Generally, Hemicelluloses is always found in association with cellulose and hemicelluloses is primarily present in the cell wall of plants such as the component of softwoods, glucomannan and hardwood hemicelluloses. (Ratledge, 1994)
With the commercial benefits that could be derived from the production of bioethanol, optimistically, the biofuel could replace petroleum as the major source of transportation fuel in the next two decades. (Rogers, 2010)
However, the locust guts have been identified to possess the mechanisms that could be used in breaking down the lignocellulosic biomass, which could the used in the production of biofuels. "The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, possesses an abundant gut microbiota consisting predominantly of Enterobacteriaceae" (Rinke et al
Commercial kits that could be used for the DNA extraction are "GenElute bacterial genomic DNA kit, Qiagen DNeasy Tissue kit, QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, WizardTM Genomic DNA Purification Kit from Promega, and PowerSoilTM DNA isolation kit." (Shi, Syrenne, Sun, et al
However, a major jump in the bioethnol production depends on the efficient utilization of cellulose-based biomass as well as being able to utilize the less expensive cellulose for the bioethanol production. (Stephanopoulos, 2007)
Additionally, 2 ?L of 10 ?mol/L is used for each primer. (Stokes, Holmes, Nield et al
However, its shortcoming includes its ability to be easily contaminated. (Zhang
). The animal feed business is also finding other substitutes, such as ethanol byproducts (Hoffman et al
Evidence in the United States has shown that "when there are cost shocks in the food processing system due to changes in the commodity or farm product market, most retailers respond by passing on a fraction of their higher costs to consumers." (Leibtag, 2008)
S., 14% of total corn production was used for biofuel production; that figure is expected to increase to 30% by 2010 (Lapidos, 2008)
Surveys indicate that at best biofuel generates 1.3 times the energy it costs to product (Jaffe, 2007); several studies indicate it generates less than what it costs to produce (Wald, 2007)
Surveys indicate that at best biofuel generates 1.3 times the energy it costs to product (Jaffe, 2007); several studies indicate it generates less than what it costs to produce (Wald, 2007)
The work of Russell Gold published the 18th day of August 2009 in the Wall Street Journal states that in the search for a new domestic source of fuel marine scientists and entrepreneurs alike seeking "a new domestic source of fuel." (Gold, 2009) p
EU biofuel subsidies are at around $5.2 billion per year, although most of these are for first generation biofuels (Boin, 2010)