City of Lago Vista Supreme Court's decision in Atwater v. City of Lago Vista (Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 2001) has been highly criticized
Study Design This study will employ descriptive research methods, specifically naturalistic observation. Naturalistic observation methods are when researchers "systematically measure and record the observable behavior of participants as it occurs in the real world, without interfering in any way" (Huffman 2007)
This holds true for the first bias as well but it would be much harder to do because of security measures that would have to be taken (especially in an airport) to observe this type of situation. One other issue with this type of experiment, a naturalistic observation experiment, is that we will only be able to describe the behavior of the individuals that we observe; we will not be able to assess their mental processes, which is an important aspect of any psychological study (Myers 2004)
Research has also examined respect for authority to come from coercion. These views are backed by (Bordens, 116) who presents the 1940 Nazist case
Now individual A, is using coercion to sway individual B. that he or she is technically involved (Burglin, Barry, and Kuwatch 40)
In fact, the contract is an exchange to an obligation to abide by a given reprisal level. Consent in psycho-law conveys autonomy to others and promotes the knowledge and the power of a utilitarian position via intrinsic acceptance (Wallerstein, 320)
This implies that all the available options cannot be determined by guiding moral principles. An example is a situation whereby one has to decide between not to steal and to provide for a family that you cannot be able to provide for without stolen money (Garber, 2008)
Situation In the case of situation one in Pollack's book, police officers have developed a routine of going to the restaurant on the corner. This is a place whereby they have their meals during their patrols (Harding, 2010)
How one would order for meals frequently and would not even opt to pay for them. Morals require that one should be grateful and conduct themselves in line with the expectations of the society (Pollock, 2012)
This would mean that they are appreciating whatever services the restaurant provides. Although the owner seems to have no issues with the officers no having free meals in his restaurant, he might be wondering why would they not pay for the food at times (Steinberg & Austern, 1990)
While at the same time, they are in contact with people in who live in different social / economic conditions. (Goldstein 1977) When you put these various elements together, this means that the use of discretion must be limited (due to the fact that possible abuses could occur)
In the latter part of the 20th century, a notion was put forward that police departments (like certain administrative offices) are engaged in challenging work that is based upon the use of considerable discretion. (Remington, 1965) to quote James Wilson, "The patrolman, in the discharge of his most important duties, exercises discretion, owing in part to his role in the management of: conflict and the suppression of crime
(Remington, 1965) to quote James Wilson, "The patrolman, in the discharge of his most important duties, exercises discretion, owing in part to his role in the management of: conflict and the suppression of crime." (Wilson, 1968) This is important, because it shows how the overall use of police discretion has been continually evolving
Despite these generalizations from Milgram's experiment, discussions about the conduct of the psychologist's research and findings have been the subject of criticism when Milgram's research was published. The study's criticisms are primarily based on two issues: the first issue being that, Milgram's experiment was conducted without consideration to ethics, particularly to the subjects' welfare; and the second issue finally raises the fact that the obedience to authority theory cannot be applied in the Holocaust case because, as critics argued, the massacre of Jews during the WWII period was not due to Hitler's authority over the Nazi soldiers, but due to the prevalence of anti-Semitist ideology in Germany (Blass, 2000:131)
Indeed, Milgram's obedience study heavily influenced the conduct of experimental research in the field of social psychology. From his study stemmed the research technique identified as "experimental realism," which is "an experimental situation which is so compelling and involving for the participants that they cannot respond with rational detachment, thereby increasing the internal validity of the findings" (Kimble et
. The victim cries out for relief from physical suffering caused by the subject's actions" (Milgram, 1962:100)
Stanley Milgram is a psychologist in the 1960s, who popularized the issue of obedience to authority. This issue is applied in the context of social psychology, wherein Milgram's study was based on the historical event of the Holocaust, where he tried to determine what made people commit acts of violence, like the massacre of Jews during the Holocaust, identified as a form of "destructive obedience" (Santrock, 2000:562)
requires disclosure of all known risks and benefits" of the study for the subject (40). The full-disclosure standard and Law of Informed Consent are both measures that ensure the exemption of the researcher from any liabilities that may arise from any "injuries suffered by subjects as a result of the research" (Thompson, 1996:40)
Power, Authority and Influence The experiences of the thirteen women in Women and Men, Work and Power (Muoio, 1998) show that there are multiple ways by which women gain power in the business world
Levi was picked to be one of the three Jewish prisoners selected to have a job in the chemistry laboratory in other part of the camp. Once more Levi denotes to his "fortune" when he mentions "So it would seem that fate has arranged that we three suffer neither hunger nor cold this winter" (Levi 140)