Recent studies indicate that sex offenders often deny any involvement in the sexual offense, and may even continue to deny critical aspects of their offense after conviction (Denton, Konopasky, & Street, 1994). As a result, offenders are likely to show resistance to accepting treatment and quick to succumb to the denial of their sexual deviations (Brake & Shannon, 1997)
Research on cognition supported the contention that offenders must overcome both internal and external inhibitions as well as the resistance of the victim in order for abuse to occur (Finkelhor, 1984). Further research indicated that that the personality constructs commonly used to differentiate sexual offenders were less useful to clinicians than problem focused dimensions such as denial, sexual arousal, sexual fantasies, cognitive distortions, social sexual deficits, and other psychological and social problems (Conte, 1985)
This article will describe the benefits and limits of psychoanalytical and cognitive therapy while contrasting the use of these theories in treating sex offenders. Background of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Sex Offender Treatment Clinical interest in issues of denial and accountability in sexual offenders can be traced as far back as the 1960s and 1970s (Cowden & Morse, 1970)
As with any remedial measure in individuals, the effectiveness of these approaches rests in part on the offender's cooperation and dedication to the treatment process. Recent studies indicate that sex offenders often deny any involvement in the sexual offense, and may even continue to deny critical aspects of their offense after conviction (Denton, Konopasky, & Street, 1994)
Accountability and denial are interrelated and should be approached as treatment targets rather than treatment obstacles. These basic principles laid the foundations for the acknowledgment of the role of cognition in explaining sexual abuse (Finkelhor, 1984)
Accountability and denial are interrelated and should be approached as treatment targets rather than treatment obstacles. These basic principles laid the foundations for the acknowledgment of the role of cognition in explaining sexual abuse (Finkelhor, 1984)
There is as yet no evidence that sexual attraction of any sort can be altered. An Analyzation of Both Approaches Some studies suggest that sex offender treatment use multiple methods since offenders tend to have many problems (Langevin, 1983)
Background of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Sex Offender Treatment Clinical interest in issues of denial and accountability in sexual offenders can be traced as far back as the 1960s and 1970s (Cowden & Morse, 1970). The origin of cognitive behavioral therapy dates back to the late 1970's, as the dominant approach to the treatment of sexual offenders (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990)
Background of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Sex Offender Treatment Clinical interest in issues of denial and accountability in sexual offenders can be traced as far back as the 1960s and 1970s (Cowden & Morse, 1970). The origin of cognitive behavioral therapy dates back to the late 1970's, as the dominant approach to the treatment of sexual offenders (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990)
Further research indicated that that the personality constructs commonly used to differentiate sexual offenders were less useful to clinicians than problem focused dimensions such as denial, sexual arousal, sexual fantasies, cognitive distortions, social sexual deficits, and other psychological and social problems (Conte, 1985). Other studies conceptualized cognitive distortions to consist of rationalizations developed by offenders prior to and during offending to justify their continued abuse of children (Murphy, 1990)
The Role of Denial in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, several classes of denial were created primarily based on clinical observations of different types and degrees of denial (Brake & Shannon, 1997). More recently, studies have been conducted to verify the existence of these various forms of denial through the creation of a self-report measure (Schneider & Wright, 2001)
The result is a procedure that is essentially highly moralistic and reflects the judgmental emotional response of the society. Treating people with disordered behavior patterns as morally defective and requiring a change in moral commitments has a long history (Siegler & Osmond, 1974)
Some research centered on the differentiation of two levels of accountability which were represented by absolute denial and various forms of minimization. Refutation provides a mechanism for completely alleviating the offender from having to take any responsibility for the offense (Terry & Tallon, 2002)
Economic The current economic environment is extremely challenging. The world is continually battling the impacts of the economic crisis commenced in the American real estate sector, and expended gradually throughout the rest of the word (Baily and Elliott, 2009)
The Orange employees -- especially those in France -- have revealed low levels of performance, commitment to the firm and morale, and this was due to crises in human resource management. At the overall corporate level, France Telecom has decided to take action after 23 of its employees committed suicide (Chrisafis, 2009)
Second of all, the legal environment is in itself impacted by the technological advancements. In other words, the traditional legal environment was unable to regulate all of the new services and technologies and it is continually changing in order to cover the new activities (Cox, 2006)
The political environment impacting Orange is also characterized by the fact that France and most of the countries in which Orange operates are part of the European Union. And the European Union makes intense efforts to integrate telecommunications services, forcing as such Orange to also integrate its service provision at the levels of quality offered, prices charged and competitive practices (Goodman, 2006)
External opportunities One major opportunity revealed for Orange is represented by its customers. Specifically, the organization has attracted and retained them and now its clients are loyal and they generate sustainable sales (Business Superbrands) The business community evolves alongside with the technological field and it integrates more and more appliances and services (Iansiti, West, Teece, Chedbrough and Pisano, 1999)
These issues are of the utmost importance as they negatively impact the company's image, public perception and could even decrease the trust of investors in the entity. In order to decrease the threats posed by the two strategic shortages, the following strategic recommendations are made: The development and implementation of a superior human resource program, characterized by the following: The involvement of the employees in the decision making process and the empowering of the staffs The offering of support in socialization and team building programs The offering of promotional opportunities to foster constructive competition The implementation of various financial and non-financial incentives to stimulate employee morale (Kanaar, 2006)
Strategic strengths and strategic challenges The array of strategic challenges facing Orange Plc. is rather wide, including virtually all efforts which need to be taken in order for the company to ensure that it is attaining its financial objectives, while in the same time, satisfying as best as it can the needs and wants of its stakeholder categories -- employees, business partners, customers, the general public, governmental and non-governmental institutions and so on (Paul, Eva, Yeates, Hindle, Rollaston, Cadle and Tudor, 2010)