Article 3: Definition Article 3 of the ECHR concerns the probation of torture outlaws "inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" for all persons (European Convention on Human Rights, 2010). The article has been used in the defense of Jeremy Bamber who successfully appealed his whole life sentence as an inhuman punishment which contravened Article 3 of the ECHR in the UK (Casciani, 2013)
At the same time, there is a question of "fair balance," for as interpretations of Article 3 are made, application is something that must be considered. Article 3: Interpretation The "fair balance" principle that the ECHR has inspired is one that makes many believe that Article 3 is more inclusive than the actual text implies, and other Articles have been used in such a way as to signify that the actual terms and conditions are much looser than a rigid by the book definition and implementation would propose (Thym, 2008)
I got rid of the crane, the Steadicam, and the zoom lenses…. Just everything for me that might be considered a safety net" (McBride, 1997, 429-33)
Williams also incorporated several Yiddish folk tunes into the score, sometimes sung by a children's choir, sometimes scored for a chamber orchestra, and sometimes interposed as a solo piece. Authentic Jewish Klezmer music was also integrated, performed by noted musician Giora Feidman on the clarinet (Rubin, 2001, 73-4)
The paper will show how the increasing number of illegal immigrants has a positive correlation with the increasing costs for hospitals. STRUCTURE Introduction and assumptions Thesis presentation Literature review Methodology Explanatory statistical analysis Descriptions of illegal aliens impact on higher health costs Conclusions RESEARCH PROPOSAL (II) The correlation will be made based on: Observed increased number of unpaid medical bills at health units in California Statistical data on the proportions of these unpaid bills belonging to illegal immigrants Analysis of background factors that encourage this trend WHY THIS PAPER? Addresses more than simple statistics, going in-depth into some of the causal factors Analyzes the background of illegal aliens and the societies they form as a direct cause of increasing health costs Clearly links the increasing number of unpaid bills to increasing number of illegal immigrants in California FACTS to REMEMBER 1993-2003: 60 hospitals in California were forced to close, mainly because of unpaid bills from illegal aliens (Cosman
31). Wal-Mart's alien scandal has also prompted increased immigration reforms (Chisam, 2004, p
11). In fact, there are rumblings that Wal-Mart's actions will give American capitalism a bad name in the globalized economy (Garten, 2004, p
12). Conclusion: It is this type of bad publicity that has fueled more fire around anti-Wal-Mart supporters, adding employment of illegal aliens to their laundry list of Wal-Mart evils (Nordlinger, 2004, p
By 2003, these investigations had evolved into a major investigation of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart relies on more than 700 vendors for their cleaning services (Penttila, 2004, p
Wal-Mart must also maintain their currently existing program that lays out the process for ensuring that employees are authorized to work in the United States, and complies with anti-discrimination laws. And, the settlement mandates that Wal-Mart continue to fully cooperate with the ongoing investigation of alleged illegal alien employment (Ramey, 2005, p
Statistics show that 63 California hospitals closed in the ten-year period between 1993 and 2003 because half of their services were unpaid because of services required under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA). (Cosman, 2005; paraphrased) These statistics show that many clinics and general practitioners do not have a hospital dedicated to their area of service
Gene Rogers who served as the medical director for Sacramento County's Indigent Services program for the most of the last decade who has "waged a long fight against the central California country's practice of providing non-emergency medical care to illegal immigrants - a policy he says violates federal law and results in the poorest American citizens being denied the care they deserve." (Cromer, 2007) it is related in Cromer's report that "That fight cost Dr
-born children, because they are often sicker when seeking care their emergency room expenditures are more than three times higher, suggesting that access to primary and preventative care could have prevented illnesses from worsening and ultimately reducing medical costs." (King, 2007) King states that it is generally held belief by most that immigrants use the emergency room services greatly however "
If this were true, why is it that California, the largest illegal-immigration-receiving state, is experiencing its worst budgetary deficits." (Ling-Ling, 2003) According to Ling-Ling: "Mass immigration is also leading to growing fragmentation and political stability in California and the nation
A new study from the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) examines the costs of education, health care and incarceration of illegal aliens and concludes that the cost to Californians is $10.5 billion per year." (Longley, 2004) it is stated that approximately $1
Furthermore in California, who has over three million illegal aliens the costs for emergency health care in 2004 was the amount of $79 million dollars in hospital care." (Michael and Huhl, 2004) While individuals may not live in these border-states, the taxpayers still pays "commensurate medical care
Seeking common ground with Governor Schwarzenegger, who vetoed an earlier health care reform measure in part because it did not require all residents to obtain health care coverage." (Thompson, 2007) the proposal, which will help achieve affordability "includes robust expansions of public programs and sliding scale premium subsidies for lower income residents, amount to the largest public program expansions in the country since the beginning of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s
Seeking common ground with Governor Schwarzenegger, who vetoed an earlier health care reform measure in part because it did not require all residents to obtain health care coverage." (Thompson, 2007) the proposal, which will help achieve affordability "includes robust expansions of public programs and sliding scale premium subsidies for lower income residents, amount to the largest public program expansions in the country since the beginning of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s
The problem could be resolved only if the competing systems cooperated and if companies and health care providers shared the added costs (Eichstaedt). According to an article published in the Washington Post, Americans pay millions of dollars to provide health care and medical treatment for illegal aliens (Boulet 2004)
). The Health Security Act guaranteed universal healthcare coverage for all Americans (Clarke 1994)