There are two basic types of controls when it comes to air pollution. These are output control and input control (Evans, 2012)
It is a contrast to many of the other ways a governmental entity would attempt to get companies and even individuals to reduce their levels of pollution. Essentially, the biggest concern in this particular type of governance is to direct a gradual process that looks at transforming the political, social, and technical landscapes of society with respect to its overall character (Harris, 2004)
There are a number of stakeholders in this particular endeavor, and utilizing what they have to offer can help the transition be as smooth as possible. Additionally, the shared goals and visions can be excellent choices for cities and other urban areas where a high level of pollution is being seen and where there are many things that can be done in order to make sure less pollution is created in the future (Hughes, 2007)
Networks Networks are one of the best modes of governance for pollution control (Evans, 2012). These are designed on a number of scales, and the organizations and individuals that belong to these networks follow guidelines and help to hold one another accountable (Keller, 2010)
The laws that are in effect are environmental ones, and they focus on issues such as price and economic factors (Keller, 2010). The idea behind these kinds of laws and guidelines is to create and provide incentives to the population when they make choices that avoid pollution (Mba, 2004)
Adaptive Governance Adaptive governance is based on the changes that are required in order to keep the goal of lower air pollution as a focus of governmental entities, organizations, and individuals. In other words, new strategies have to be created and changed based on sustainable development of tactics that could help urban areas be more successful in their reduction of air pollution (Rangarajan, 2007)
Heavy metals, organic chemicals, and other harmful elements are generally seen in this type of pollution, and they can be disastrous on the lungs and other parts of the body. The toxins are poisonous, and when they are absorbed into the body through getting into the lungs, they can create a number of significant ailments, some of which can be chronic (Raven, 2008)
It is extremely expensive to create and maintain, because it is essentially paying big companies not to pollute (Keller, 2010). The changes many of these companies must make to their operations in order to reduce pollution to more acceptable levels can be very costly, so the payments or other incentives they receive from the government or other regulatory body have to reflect that (Scholz & Stiftel, 2005)
The Major Pollutants and Their Causes There are three things that contribute to air pollution: natural elements, human elements, and chemical compounds. While air pollution dates all the way back to the Roman Empire, it has certainly increased throughout time, and the results of that increase are being seen much more often in urban areas than anywhere else (Truffer, et al
The collection of air pollutants in the lungs is a slow and gradual process, but over time it can influence the quality of life of the people who are breathing these pollutants and shorten their lifespan. Air pollution in urban environments can also lead to the development and/or exacerbation of chronic health problems such as asthma, allergies, and numerous heart and lung diseases (Weaver, et al
While some change in policies that will lead to lower levels of air pollution is certainly better than no change at all, the more that can be done to avoid pollution and reduce it in urban areas, the more people can avoid serious illness (Hilgencamp, 2005). High levels of enforcement such as those that are needed nationally are very important when it comes to adaptive governance, but it can also be used on a smaller scale in an effort to encourage companies and individuals to also adapt in ways that will help them lead better lives that are healthier and that offer less pollution to the air around them (Webster, 2009)
The California Air Resources Board is requiring that 10% of all new vehicles sold in California be zero-emitting electric vehicles in 2003, with incentives for earlier introduction. Additionally, fleet-average non-methane organic-gas requirements may require the sale of compressed-natural-gas and methanol vehicles (Kazimi 265)
AIR POLLUTION Air pollution continues to be a problem of great concern in the United States, and around the world, and governments are continually struggling with balancing clean air with America's love of the automobile, one of the biggest air polluters on the planet. "The United States has achieved remarkable progress in reducing air pollution since the Clean Air Act was established in 1970" (Mangun and Henning 229), but we still have a long way to go in the battle for clean air on the planet
In many urban regions, the major sources of air pollution include internal motor vehicle operation, power generation using coal, various industrial processes, as well as wood burning in fireplaces, especially in regions with colder climates (Hughes 216). Although all of these sources contribute to air pollution at different levels in different places, transportation and energy generation represent the major sources of the types of air pollution that adversely affects human health at the global level, particularly in densely populated urban settings (Glover 45)
¶ … Air Pollution Although President Ronald Reagan believed that "trees and plants were the chief causes of air pollution" (Grundmann 141), a growing body of evidence indicates that air pollution is a global public health threat that is caused by particulate matter being discharged through anthropomorphic, or manmade, activities (Woodruff and Parker 787)
Air pollution can occur both outdoors and indoors" (42). In many urban regions, the major sources of air pollution include internal motor vehicle operation, power generation using coal, various industrial processes, as well as wood burning in fireplaces, especially in regions with colder climates (Hughes 216)
¶ … Air Pollution Although President Ronald Reagan believed that "trees and plants were the chief causes of air pollution" (Grundmann 141), a growing body of evidence indicates that air pollution is a global public health threat that is caused by particulate matter being discharged through anthropomorphic, or manmade, activities (Woodruff and Parker 787)
' Substances that are useful or even essential in certain places at certain quantities can become pollutants if they occur in too large a quantity in the wrong place." (Becklane) Common types of pollution and associated problems that may come to mind when the subject is broached include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and depletion of the ozone layer
When the tribesmen learned to use fire, they used it for millennia in a way that filled the air inside their living quarters with the products of incomplete combustion." (Boubel, 3) It is a general assumption that air pollution is a post-1900 or even a post- World War II phenomenon, but it is a problem dating back to ancient times
." (Davis, 1) The most important natural resource on which humans depend is often overlooked