"As the brothers asserted in a 1909 affidavit, that feat "won for them the medals of the Congress of the United States, the State of Ohio, the City of Dayton, the Legion of Honor of the French Republic," as well as numerous other awards and accolades. "Their accomplishment, however, occurred in the midst of a storm of creative ideas and energy in aviation" (Chism & Potter, 2003, p
And Sylvia Eberhart, the atomic bomb was such a powerful weapon that its use at the end of World War II profoundly affected the entire human race, but this attitude only changed as the threats associated with the atomic age became more apparent. When asked in an August 1945 Gallup poll, "Do you approve or disapprove of the use of the atomic bomb?" fully 85% of Americans surveyed indicated approved; in another Gallup poll a month later, 69% said they considered it "a good thing" that the A-bomb had been developed (Pressler, 2003)
The antecedents of the technological innovations of the 20th century, then, can be traced to the last two decades of the 19th century, which many scholars have termed the "Second Industrial Revolution," primarily because of the emergence of radically new technologies during this period. Three "new" areas of technology are usually identified as being the most important during this period: 1) chemicals, 2) electricity, and 3) the internal-combustion engine (Szostak, 1995)
Bruno Bettelheim might characterize "The Metamorphosis" as satirical commentary on the modern age's inability to properly assess itself. If children's literature deals with the transformation of a frog into a human (implying sexual and moral growth), Kafka's human transforms into a bug (implying not growth but regression): "The idea that as he grows up, his sexuality too must, in his own best interest, undergo a metamorphosis" (Bettelheim 290) can readily be applied to the inverted adult fairy tale that is "The Metamorphosis
Hence, Brunner felt "compelled to formulate a comprehensive system of Christian social ethics" that were biblical, reformed, and very personal (Aton Institute). Rudolf Bultmann In the book 20th-Century Theology: God & the World in a Transitional Age, the authors assert that Bultmann was "unlike the other major articulators of neo-orthodoxy" because Bultmann was a scholar of the New Testament rather than a "systematic theologian" (Grenz, et al
As to Barth's neo-orthodoxy, Professor Douglas John Hall writes that even those that disagreed with Barth had to admit that his "new theology" was indeed new and worth attempting to understand what it entailed. Barth's neo-orthodoxy became "…the cutting edge of Christian thought throughout the first half…" of the 20th century (Hall, 1998)
In a book by John W. Hart, the author describes Barth as having stressed the "divine object" in Christianity while Brunner emphasizes "the human subject" (Hart, 2007)
Brunner challenged Barth on a number of issues, including the question of natural theology. Professor Alister McGrath writes that Brunner believed faith was like "seeing in the dark" and like Martin Luther, Brunner saw the "leap of faith" that Christians had to make a "divine-grounded and divinely supported insight" (McGrath, 2013)
Author Carys Moseley explains that in order to understand Barth one must be informed as to Barth's writings in the 1930s, when Germany was being taken over by the Nazis and Hitler's main theme was wrapped around the concept of nationalism. Barth viewed nationalism as "a form of idolatry that is contrary to the Christian gospel" and hence nationalism must be "resisted in all its forms" (Moseley, 2013)
This is a valid and believable stance, because the Bible was in fact written by humans, who were subjectively interpreting what they saw and heard and believed Reinhold Niebuhr Like Barth, Reinhold Niebuhr disagreed with Christian liberals on their views of human nature and their literal translation of the stories in the Bible. In the Introduction to Niebuhr's book, Reinhold Niebuhr: Theologian of Public Life, Larry Rasmussen points out that while Niebuhr showed an "unrelenting" opposition to Christian liberalism, ironically, he was "more liberal than neo-orthodox, and he knew it" (Rasmussen, 1981)
In the "post-war period, leadership shifted in the world, especially to America and Europe. Post-war leaders such as British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and United States President Harry Truman continued to have an impact in the world, but their rule became much collectively oriented through international organizations and power blocs and the creation of military pacts (Asmar, 1999)
During this century, music saw the "development of blues, soul, rhythm and blues, jazz, ragtime, swing, rock, country and western, rap, and bluegrass, as well as more recent forms of electronic music. Film became the art of the 20th century, combining drama, music, and high technology to entertain and inspire large audiences (Cowen, 2000)
Science and Technology There are "three broad innovations which the 20th century will be remembered for: unprecedented means to save, prolong and enhance life; unprecedented means to destroy life, including for the first time putting global civilization at risk; and unprecedented insights into the nature of humans and the Universe (Sagan, 1996)." During the 20th century, "advances in science and technology played key roles in the two world wars and in space exploration (Kohlstedt, 2004)
It wasn't until the 1920s and '30s that their blue-collar counterparts began to get paid vacations as well. Americans in the late 20th century "worked more days per year than workers in other prosperous nations, such as those in Europe, yet on average, had less vacation time (Sabga, 2001)
It is interesting to compare the two in terms of science and technology, religion, politics and economics, leisure time, the roles of women, art, music and literature, and fashion. Science and Technology There are "three broad innovations which the 20th century will be remembered for: unprecedented means to save, prolong and enhance life; unprecedented means to destroy life, including for the first time putting global civilization at risk; and unprecedented insights into the nature of humans and the Universe (Sagan, 1996)
These elements are largely present during any interpretation of Hopper and are consistently explored. As one critic illuminates, Hopper's paintings generally offer -- a unique image of the lone woman, riddled with nostalgia and containing a certain haunting quality against a dark color scheme which suggest the otherness of everyday life and marching forward progression of the passage of time (Bow-Bertrand, 2014)
Thus, much of Hopper's work is seen as the individual looking into the void and loneliness of urban life, an urban life that continues to march on. As one other critics describes, Hopper's paintings offer a hyper level of quiet to everyday life, riddling it in a level of stillness and freezing them in an eternal present, as if they were engravings or otherwise frozen, also weighted down by the psychological intensity of existence (Smith, 2013)
. As me, but with smaller feet, and they'll make him happy" (Beckett)
Fowler has given up on England, and even given up on God, which seems to represent general thinking for much of the world. Fowler says early in the book, "I envied those who could believe in God and I distrusted them" (Greene 44)
57). Later she continues, "The sky was dark blue through the dark green mango leaves, and I thought 'This is my place and this is where I belong and this is where I wish to stay'" (Rhys 108)